Spatially Distributed Local Fields in the Hippocampus Encode Rat Position

Agarwal, Stevenson, Berényi, Mizuseki, Buzsáki, Sommer · Science · 2014 · neuroscience · 10.1126/science.1250444 · record Agarwal2014-spatially-distributed-local-fields-in-the-hi
tag layer · index · concepts · authors · עברית

Where this record's text came from. faceted 2026-08 by reading the locally held text (xml); every evidence string verified as an exact substring of that text before merging. The article text is a Science report with numeric citations only, so no claim relation names a prior author; both relations recorded here use explicit relational wording ("Building on earlier work", "We tested this prediction") but their targets can only be identified by reference number. The paper states no limitation of its own study in a dedicated way; the one recorded is the noise dependence found in its own simulation. It also calls electrode pooling "An often-assumed limitation of the LFP", but presents that as a general property it overcomes, not as a limit of this study, so it was not recorded as a limitation. 2026-08-12, 2026-08-15 and 2026-08-25 schema-0.3 passes: every quote verified as an exact substring of the staged text and anchored at merge time; concept terms verified present; every edge endpoint an existing node.

4 quotations on this page contain a reference number where the paper printed a superscript. This journal style prints citations as raised numerals — parameters^12,13 — and the extraction flattened them into the line, so the sentence reads parameters 12 , 13 . The digits are citation markers and not part of what the author wrote. The quotes keep them for the same reason they keep every other extraction fault: a quote is reproduced exactly or it proves nothing.

How to read this page. The article itself is not reproduced here — this paper is not cleared for redistribution, so what follows is the tag layer alone. The evidence sentences are withheld with the article. The table at the foot lists every tag the record carries; each row names the facet it belongs to, and the whose words column says whether the tag records the paper's own wording or the tagger's sentence about the paper. Every tag links to each other paper in the corpus carrying it. The machine-readable edition of the same thing is the TEI file beside this one, where the tags live in standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.

Other fields define these differently the same word, defined another way in another discipline
principal component analysis 5 fields · cross-validation 3 fields · spikes 2 fields · variance 2 fields

Tags on this paper

Every tag the record carries, each linking to every other paper in the corpus that carries it. A tag appears here whether or not its words occur in the article — the spans below are only the ones a sentence in this paper licenses. Of the 10 concept tags on this paper, all 10 are grounded in a quoted sentence. All carry the tagger's gloss of what the term means in this paper, which is not something the article can license.

local field potential spikes theta rhythm carrier wave demodulation place cells feature-tuned field potentials compressed sensing independent component analysis phase precession Because hippocampal place cells are not topographically arranged, any one electrode pools dissimilarly tuned neurons and therefore shows only weak place modulation, which is why the code appears only across many sites During movement the population is driven by a single sparse cause - current position - so unsupervised source separation can recover that cause from mixed, subsampled field-potential measurements The theta LFP inherits position information because it is generated mainly by the membrane potential fluctuations of the place cell population itself the theta rhythm is treated as a radio carrier wave, and position is recovered by demodulating it - stripping the carrier phase to leave a spatial pattern the LFP carries place information because it is generated by the membrane potentials of the place-cell population itself position is a single sparse cause driving the whole population, which is why an unsupervised method can recover it without being told where the rat is place fields sparse coding hippocampus feature-tuned field potentials (FFPs) theta oscillation action potentials local field potentials position of the rat trial-by-trial variability of neuronal activity principal component analysis independent component analysis (ICA) cross-validation cross-validated accuracy median median error linear estimator (linear decoding) optimal linear estimator (OLE) Bayesian estimation Whitening and Bayesian decoding methods sparse coding (unsupervised dictionary learning) convolutional sparse coding algorithm principal-component-analysis variance electrophysiology

Legend

second reading	`alternatives`	an independent re-reading of a facet, recorded whether or not it agrees
relation to other work	`claim_relations`	how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies
claim type	`claim_type`	the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null
concept edge	`concept_edges`	an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it
concept	`concepts`	an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it
content tag	`content_tags`	a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper
contribution	`contribution`	what the paper claims to add
control	`controls`	an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation
limitation	`limitations`	what the paper says its evidence cannot support
mechanism	`mechanisms`	how the reported effect is said to come about
method	`method`	how the paper produced its evidence
object of study	`object_of_study`	what the paper is about — the thing it investigates
phenomenon	`phenomenon`	the effect or regularity under study
research question	`research_question`	the question the paper sets itself
sense	`senses`	a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it
transfer	`transfers`	a method or concept carried in from another field

The paper

The full text is not reproduced here. This article is not cleared for redistribution, so the page carries the tag layer only. Its evidence sentences are withheld; the grounding status remains with each tag, and the article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1250444. The reading view exists for the papers whose licence permits it.

Every tag on this page

alternatives 1 · claim_relations 4 · claim_type 1 · concept_edges 5 · concepts 10 · content_tags 43 · contribution 1 · controls 1 · limitations 5 · mechanisms 6 · method 1 · object_of_study 1 · phenomenon 1 · research_question 1 · senses 3 · transfers 4

Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 5 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.

facet	tag	field	conf.	whose words
object_of_study	The hippocampal local field potential in freely moving rats, and whether the animal's position can be read out of it. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`object_of_study`		the paper's words
research_question	If no single electrode's field potential is tuned to place, can position nevertheless be recovered from many electrodes at once? Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`research_question`		the paper's words
contribution	Shows the spatiotemporal structure of the theta rhythm encodes position about as well as spiking populations do, and introduces feature-tuned field potentials as the LFP counterpart of place cells. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`contribution`		the paper's words
claim_type	existence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_type`		the paper's words
phenomenon	spatial position coding in hippocampal local field potentials Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`phenomenon`		the paper's words
method	electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: electrophysiology	`method`		the paper's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Because hippocampal place cells are not topographically arranged, any one electrode pools dissimilarly tuned neurons and therefore shows only weak place modulation, which is why the code appears only across many sites	`mechanisms[0]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: During movement the population is driven by a single sparse cause - current position - so unsupervised source separation can recover that cause from mixed, subsampled field-potential measurements	`mechanisms[1]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: The theta LFP inherits position information because it is generated mainly by the membrane potential fluctuations of the place cell population itself	`mechanisms[2]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: the theta rhythm is treated as a radio carrier wave, and position is recovered by demodulating it - stripping the carrier phase to leave a spatial pattern	`mechanisms[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. duplicate of: mechanisms[2] also in: the LFP carries place information because it is generated by the membrane potentials of the place-cell population itself	`mechanisms[4]`	0.9	the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: position is a single sparse cause driving the whole population, which is why an unsupervised method can recover it without being told where the rat is	`mechanisms[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	The unsupervised (ICA) discovery of position-tuned field-potential features degrades as trial-by-trial neuronal variability grows: fewer components are recovered from noisy populations. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the number of position-tuned components recovered: AS THE TRIAL-BY-TRIAL VARIABILITY OF NEURONAL ACTIVITY WAS INCREASED, ICA IDENTIFIED A DECREASING NUMBER OF FFPs	`limitations[0]`		the tagger's words
limitations	Each electrode pools a large, non-topographically-ordered population, so any single site is only weakly place-modulated. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any single-site interpretation of the field potential: EACH ELECTRODE SUBSAMPLES (POOLS) THE ACTIVITY OF A LARGE POPULATION OF NEURONS	`limitations[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	The method degrades with neuronal variability: noisier populations yield fewer recoverable components. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. duplicate of: limitations[0] · what this limits: the same scope as limitations[0] - the component count is partly a measure of the noise	`limitations[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	Recovered component width is bounded by the tuning width of the underlying population, so the readout cannot be sharper than what generates it. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the spatial resolution of the readout: FOR NOISY POPULATIONS, FFP WIDTH INCREASED IN PROPORTION TO, BUT NEVER EXCEEDED, THE TUNING WIDTH OF THE UNDERLYING POPULATION'S PLACE FIELDS	`limitations[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	The mechanistic account of how FFPs relate to neuronal populations rests on a simulation, not on measurement. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the mechanistic account linking components to populations: A SIMULATION WAS CONSTRUCTED IN WHICH THE LFP WAS MODELED AS THE SUPERIMPOSED ACTIVITY GENERATED BY NUMEROUS PLACE-MODULATED SYNAPTIC INPUTS	`limitations[4]`	0.9	the tagger's words
transfers	The carrier-wave and demodulation model: theta is treated as a carrier whose modulation carries the message, and the analysis strips the carrier phase to read that message out Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[0]`		the tagger's words
transfers	The compressed-sensing result that sparse signals can be recovered from mixed, subsampled measurements, used to justify recovering position from pooled field potentials by unsupervised learning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[1]`		the tagger's words
transfers	the carrier-and-modulation model of a signal, and the demodulation operation that recovers the message from it, applied to a brain rhythm Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
transfers	the result that a sparse signal is recoverable from mixed and subsampled measurements, used to justify reading position out of pooled field potentials Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. duplicate of: transfers[1]	`transfers[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
controls	the LFP decoder benchmarked against established spike-based decoding on the same data, both cross-validated Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: a decoding accuracy with no reference point - the spike decoder is what the field already trusts, and the comparison is made on the same recordings with the same validation · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held	`controls[0]`	0.85	the tagger's words
concepts	local field potential Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: local field potential	`concepts[0]`	1.0	the paper's words
concepts	spikes Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: spikes	`concepts[1]`	1.0	the paper's words
concepts	theta rhythm Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: theta rhythm	`concepts[2]`	1.0	the paper's words
concepts	carrier wave Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: carrier wave	`concepts[3]`	1.0	the paper's words
concepts	demodulation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: demodulation	`concepts[4]`	1.0	the paper's words
concepts	place cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: place cells	`concepts[5]`	1.0	the paper's words
concepts	feature-tuned field potentials Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: feature-tuned field potentials	`concepts[6]`	1.0	the paper's words
concepts	compressed sensing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: compressed sensing	`concepts[7]`	1.0	the paper's words
concepts	independent component analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: independent component analysis	`concepts[8]`	1.0	the paper's words
concepts	phase precession Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: phase precession	`concepts[9]`	1.0	the paper's words
senses	carrier - in radio communication, the steady wave whose modulation carries the message; used here for the hippocampal theta oscillation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	code - a distributed population code, where information is in the pattern across many sites rather than in any one of them Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	sparse - in the compressed-sensing sense: few active causes, which is what makes unsupervised recovery possible Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
alternatives	phenomenon: distributed encoding of spatial position in the hippocampal local field potential Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: spatial position coding in hippocampal local field potentials — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.phenomenon`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → earlier large-scale LFP recording work, cited only as reference 25 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[0]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → the compressed-sensing theoretical result cited as reference 14 (with compressed sensing, reference 15) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[1]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	contradicts → the assumption that pooling across a non-topographic population destroys the information in an LFP Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[2]`	0.9	the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → the theta-phase precession literature on place cell spikes ( 19 ) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	theta rhythm —renamed-across-fields→ carrier wave Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: theta rhythm · carrier wave	`concept_edges[0]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	local field potential —distinct-from→ spikes Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: local field potential · spikes	`concept_edges[1]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	place cells —causes→ local field potential Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.9 also in: place cells · local field potential	`concept_edges[2]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	feature-tuned field potentials —contrasted-with→ place cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS HOW MANY FIELDS EACH UNIT HAS. 'Quotation withheld.' The consequence is stated too: the field count is what makes the two populations separable, so the axis is also the reason the contrast matters. · strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'FFPs' and 'pyramidal cells ... place fields', not 'place cells'. also in: feature-tuned field potentials · place cells	`concept_edges[3]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	theta rhythm —part-of→ local field potential Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: theta rhythm · local field potential	`concept_edges[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	principal component analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: principal component analysis	`content_tags.statistics[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	independent component analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: independent component analysis	`content_tags.statistics[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	cross-validation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cross-validation	`content_tags.statistics[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	median Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: median	`content_tags.statistics[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	linear estimator (linear decoding) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: linear estimator (linear decoding)	`content_tags.statistics[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Bayesian estimation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Bayesian estimation	`content_tags.statistics[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	sparse coding (unsupervised dictionary learning) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: sparse coding (unsupervised dictionary learning)	`content_tags.statistics[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	median Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: median	`content_tags.statistics[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	principal-component-analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: principal-component-analysis	`content_tags.statistics[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	variance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: variance	`content_tags.statistics[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	The spatiotemporal structure of the hippocampal theta rhythm, sampled across many electrodes, encodes the rat's position about as well as populations of spiking neurons do. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Decoding accuracy from field potentials matched that from spikes, with a slightly smaller median error, though the two decoders depended differently on running velocity and position. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Successful decoding required both removing the theta carrier phase and keeping the signal's high dimensionality, even though most of its variance lay in a low-dimensional subspace. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Unsupervised decomposition of the theta-band field potential recovered components that fire selectively at particular track positions and carry most of the signal variance. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Each FFP's phase advanced progressively as the animal crossed its field, mirroring theta phase precession of place cell spikes. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	FFPs covered the track more evenly than pyramidal cell place fields did, which matched the relative accuracy of the two decoders. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Position could still be decoded and FFPs identified from dendritic-layer sites, excluding the somatic layers where spikes were detected. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	A different, broadband sparse-coding analysis recovered position-tuned components spread along the whole track, matching the theta-band result. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	In simulation, for noisy populations FFP width grew in proportion to, but never exceeded, the tuning width of the underlying place fields. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[8]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Position decoded from the LFP is about as accurate as position decoded from spikes - median error 6.7 cm against 9.2 cm. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	A subset of the decomposed components, termed FFPs, is selectively active at specific track positions along one running direction. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	These components carry most of the signal - 53 to 79% of total variance across three rats. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[11]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	The ICA-derived FFPs show several place-cell-like properties: smooth, localized place fields, phase precession and considerable trial-by-trial variability. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[12]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	feature-tuned field potentials (FFPs) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: feature-tuned field potentials (FFPs)	`content_tags.definitions[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	theta oscillation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: theta oscillation	`content_tags.definitions[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	place cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: place cells	`content_tags.definitions[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	feature-tuned field potentials (FFPs) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: feature-tuned field potentials (FFPs)	`content_tags.definitions[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	action potentials Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: action potentials	`content_tags.definitions[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	local field potentials Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: local field potentials	`content_tags.definitions[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	position of the rat Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: position of the rat	`content_tags.variables[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	trial-by-trial variability of neuronal activity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: trial-by-trial variability of neuronal activity	`content_tags.variables[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	6.7 ± 0.2 cm (LFP) and 9.2 ± 0.2 cm (spiking) — Median position-decoding error from field potentials versus from spikes Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	53%, 69%, and 79% — Share of total signal variance carried by the position-tuned components in each of three rats Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	8 to 9 Hz — Frequency of the hippocampal theta oscillation that carries the position code Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	4 to 80 Hz — Band of the broadband LFP analysed with sparse coding Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	~50 — Number of FFPs recovered from two 256-electrode arrays that together covered the whole T maze Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	32-, 64-, or 256-site — Channel counts of the silicon probes implanted in the hippocampus Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	10-s — Delay period in the waiting area during the T-maze spatial alternation task Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	6.7 ± 0.2 cm (LFP) vs 9.2 ± 0.2 cm (spiking) — median position decoding error, the paper's headline comparison Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	8 to 9 Hz — frequency of the hippocampal theta rhythm treated as the carrier Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	53%, 69%, 79% — share of total LFP variance carried by the position-tuned components, per rat Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	~50 FFPs — number of position-tuned components recovered from two 256-electrode arrays in the T maze Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	32-, 64-, or 256-site probes — recording density Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[11]`	1.0	the tagger's words

Interpretive choices

Tags that could not be placed in the text:

none — every tag was located in the text

What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.