A novel visuospatial priming task for rats with relevance to Tourette syndrome and modulation of dopamine levels

A novel visuospatial priming task for rats with relevance to Tourette syndrome and modulation of dopamine levels Amitai Weber Swerdlow Sharp Breier Halberstadt Young

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A novel visuospatial priming task for rats with relevance to Tourette syndrome and modulation of dopamine levels 2013 Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.09.007 Amitai2013-a-novel-visuospatial-priming-task-for-rats-w Amitai2013-a-novel-visuospatial-priming-task-for-rats-w.txt, the project's staged copy 6680c51883c183c24a9b1995152292cc65c1410a not-redistributable neuroscience

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them method Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. negative visuospatial priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. behavioural-experiment behavioural-experiment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms An inverted-U relation between dopamine transmission and inhibitory processing: amphetamine pushes low-NP animals toward and high-NP animals past an optimum, so the same drug raises or abolishes priming depending on baseline state Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Brief primes are routed through preconscious, automatic processing, which is the route that generates negative priming; longer primes recruit more controlled processing and weaken it Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms A species difference in speed-accuracy strategy - rats protect response speed and sacrifice accuracy - channels the priming cost into accuracy rather than latency Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Rats that could not acquire stable performance had to be dropped, reducing the sample. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The task's whole-body response makes it insensitive to the tens-of-milliseconds latency effects that carry negative priming in humans. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. No animal model, including this one, can capture the full neurobiology of the varied forms of Tourette syndrome. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the Yerkes-Dodson inverted-U law, imported to explain why the same amphetamine dose helps low-NP and harms high-NP rats Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. target and non-target locations varied pseudorandomly, equal counts per location per session, with location unpredictable eliminates: a location bias and an anticipation strategy - the same design as the 2015 sister paper, and the same two-part justification · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. negative priming negative priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. inhibitory information processing inhibitory information processing Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Tourette syndrome Tourette syndrome Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. prime duration prime duration Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. amphetamine amphetamine Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. NEGATIVE PRIMING - a priming effect defined as a LOSS, and defined as the NORMAL one: `Quotation withheld` Second record tonight whose priming effect harms performance (after Keane2015's costs), and the first where the harm is the healthy result Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. LESS PRIMING IS THE DEFICIT - the direction that inverts everything. `TS subjects exhibit diminished NP`, so a smaller effect is the pathological finding and a larger one is intact function. Any summary that treats priming magnitude as one quantity with a good direction gets this record backwards, and the corpus contains many records where more priming is the notable result Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. PRIMING AS A PROGNOSTIC INDEX - `their NP levels predict their response to behavioral therapy`. Not a phenomenon under study, not an instrument for probing representations, but a clinical measurement used to forecast treatment outcome. A fourth job for the word in this corpus, alongside phenomenon, instrument and paradigm Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE EFFECT ONLY APPEARS UNDER CHALLENGE, which is a fact about the animal model rather than about the animals: `During the short prime challenge, rats exhibited lower accuracy in NP vs. baseline trials`. A 0.25 s prime was needed to make the phenomenon measurable at all, and the same duration was then carried into the drug study. A translational model whose sensitivity had to be engineered into the timing Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → the human visuospatial priming task of Tipper (1985) and Swerdlow et al. (1996) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Tourette syndrome —causes→ negative priming Tourette syndrome negative priming direction on the measure: reduces · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: 'reduces' is correct and reads backwards without the sense rows: the reduction is a reduction OF A REDUCTION. Negative priming is itself a performance loss, and Tourette patients show LESS of it - so less priming is the pathological direction here. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. interaction effect (factorial analysis) interaction effect (factorial analysis) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. correlation correlation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Latin square counterbalanced design Latin square counterbalanced design Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Rats trained on the new task showed a robust negative priming effect, performing worse when the target appeared where the distractor had just been. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The authors report this as the first rodent paradigm measuring visuospatial priming. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A shorter prime duration made the negative priming effect stronger. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Lengthening the prime from 0.5 s to 1 s weakened negative priming, the mirror image of the short-prime result. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The degree of negative priming appears to be a stable trait of each animal. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Amphetamine abolished negative priming at every dose in rats that showed strong drug-free priming. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. In rats the negative priming effect was most robust in response accuracy, with lower accuracy on negative-priming trials than on baseline trials. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Amphetamine significantly increased premature responses at all doses. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. negative priming (NP) negative priming (NP) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. inhibitory information processing inhibitory information processing Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. accuracy priming value accuracy priming value Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. correct response latency priming value correct response latency priming value Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. high NP and low NP rats high NP and low NP rats Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. convergent validity convergent validity Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. negative priming trial negative priming trial Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. baseline trial baseline trial Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. prime stimulus duration prime stimulus duration Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AMPH dose AMPH dose Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. trial type trial type Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. response accuracy response accuracy Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. latency to correct response latency to correct response Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. premature responses premature responses Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. priming level priming level Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. body weight body weight Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 13 of 16 — final sample after three rats failed to reach stable task performance and were excluded Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 0, 0.25, 0.5, or 1 mg/kg — d-amphetamine doses given subcutaneously 10 min before testing, in a counterbalanced within-subject design Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 0.5 s to 0.25 s — the reduction in prime stimulus duration that produced the most robust negative priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 5 Hz — flicker rate of the non-target distractor light, distinguishing it from the continuous target light Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 0.5 s for seven rats, 0.75 s for three rats, 1 s for one rat, and 1.5 s for two rats — the shortest probe stimulus duration each rat could sustain at criterion performance Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. around 15 sessions — average training needed to reach criterion on the visual discrimination stage Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 90% — proportion of free-feeding body weight at which rats were maintained by food restriction throughout testing Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.09.007.