Human Ventral Parietal Cortex Plays a Functional Role on Visuospatial Attention and Primary Consciousness. A Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study

Human Ventral Parietal Cortex Plays a Functional Role on Visuospatial Attention and Primary Consciousness. A Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study Babiloni Vecchio Rossi De Capua Bartalini Ulivelli Rossini

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Human Ventral Parietal Cortex Plays a Functional Role on Visuospatial Attention and Primary Consciousness. A Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study 2007 Cerebral Cortex 10.1093/cercor/bhl060 Babiloni2007-human-ventral-parietal-cortex-plays-a-functi Babiloni2007-human-ventral-parietal-cortex-plays-a-functi.txt, the project's staged copy d63f94aeb9ee0040ac6b04f0ecf4f6385c74eb08 not-redistributable neuroscience

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them existence Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. visuospatial attention and primary visual consciousness Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. behavioural-experiment behavioural-experiment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms rTMS spreads transsynaptically into two networks whose interaction is nonlinear, so perturbing ventral PPC dissociates attention from consciousness instead of moving them together Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms a focal coil at near-threshold intensity limits the induced neural interference within a widely distributed network, which is why the behavioural effect is only about 10% Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms the stimulation disrupts the spatial disengagement operation of Posner's attention system, which then lengthens reaction time Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The behavioural effect of the stimulation was small, attributed to the focal coil and near-threshold intensity used. what this limits: the SIZE of the reported effect: THE SMALL BUT SIGNIFICANT MAGNITUDE OF rTMS EFFECTS ON VENTRAL PPC (ABOUT 10%) IS LIKELY DUE TO THE USE OF FOCAL COIL AND NEAR-THRESHOLD INTENSITY OF rTMS Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. rTMS effects are not confined to the targeted region, so the locus of the effect is not purely ventral PPC. what this limits: any claim that localises the effect to ventral PPC: THE EFFECT OF rTMS DOES NOT REMAIN LIMITED TO THE TARGETED BRAIN REGION BUT SPREAD TRANSYNAPTICALLY Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A motor-output contribution to the reaction-time slowing cannot be excluded. what this limits: the reaction-time interpretation: THE SLOWING OF THE REACTION TIME IS MAINLY DUE TO VISUOSPATIAL SENSORY PROCESSING, ALTHOUGH A SLIGHT INFLUENCE ON MOTOR OUTPUT CANNOT BE EXCLUDED Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The paper's consciousness measure is the percentage of trials a subject reported seeing. what this limits: any citation of this paper as evidence about consciousness: trials associated with the conscious perception of the cue stimuli were defined as seen trials, and the reported measure is their percentage Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The stimulus duration was calibrated per subject to about 50% detection, so the baseline rate is a design target. what this limits: the baseline seen-trial rate reported here: the threshold time was defined as the cue duration producing about 50% of correct stimulus detections within a series of 10 trials, so a baseline near 50% follows from the calibration Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. SHAM rTMS delivered at the same sites, and the effect measured as the difference between real and sham eliminates: that the effect is the coil's noise, scalp sensation or the expectation of stimulation rather than the magnetic pulse reaching cortex · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the same sham-difference correlation was computed ACROSS the two experiments as a control comparison eliminates: that a correlation between the consciousness and attention measures is a general property of the difference scores rather than a shared mechanism · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. seen trials seen trials Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. conscious perception conscious perception Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. threshold time threshold time Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. correct stimulus detections correct stimulus detections Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. primary consciousness primary consciousness Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. primary consciousness, as measured - THE PERCENTAGE OF `seen trials`: the title claims a functional role in primary consciousness and the experiment records how often a subject reported perceiving a cue at their own threshold duration, so a term from consciousness theory and a detection rate occupy the same slot Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the threshold time - EACH SUBJECT'S OWN 50% POINT: defined as the cue duration giving about 50% correct detections over 10 trials, repeated 7 times, so the quantity is fitted per person and every later percentage is measured relative to that fit Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the 52.9% baseline - NEAR THE DESIGN TARGET BY CONSTRUCTION: the calibration sets each subject near 50% detection, so the baseline seen-trial rate is close to the number the procedure aimed at; the rTMS effect is a departure from a value the method placed there, not from a natural rate Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → Babiloni and others 2006 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. replicates → Vallar 2001; Corbetta and Shulman 2002; Karnath and others 2003; Corbetta and others 2005 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → the idea that visuospatial attention and primary consciousness are subserved by strictly interdependent networks Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. conscious perception —operationalised-as→ seen trials conscious perception seen trials strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. threshold time —operationalised-as→ correct stimulus detections threshold time correct stimulus detections strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ANOVA ANOVA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. post hoc multiple comparison test post hoc multiple comparison test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. correlation correlation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. F-test / p-value F-test / p-value Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mean and standard error mean and standard error Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Repetitive TMS over either left or right ventral posterior parietal cortex significantly reduced the number of cue stimuli that subjects consciously reported seeing, compared with sham stimulation. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Real rTMS over right or left ventral PPC slowed reaction times to go stimuli relative to sham. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The size of the consciousness impairment and the size of the attention impairment were not correlated across individuals. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Any rTMS, real or sham, generally shortened reaction times: 418 ms after sham, 446 ms after left and 438 ms after right PPC stimulation. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A control analysis validated the subjective reports: reaction times were faster on trials the subject called 'seen' than on trials called 'not seen'. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. visual primary consciousness visual primary consciousness Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. primary consciousness primary consciousness Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. threshold time threshold time Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. reaction time reaction time Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Site of Stimulation (real left PPC, real right PPC, sham) Site of Stimulation (real left PPC, real right PPC, sham) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. reaction time reaction time Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. sham condition sham condition Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. spatial congruence spatial congruence Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 18 — number of healthy adult volunteers stimulated Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. about 10% — drop in the number of consciously perceived visual stimuli after parietal rTMS versus sham Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. about 25 ms — slowing of reaction time to go stimuli caused by parietal rTMS relative to sham Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 72 ms (±7.9 SE) — mean individually determined perceptive threshold duration of the cue stimulus Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. F2,34 = 5.25; P < 0.01 — ANOVA main effect of stimulation site on reaction time in the Attentional experiment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. r = –0.36, P = 0.13 — correlation between seen-trial count and reaction time after left-PPC rTMS (not significant) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. F1,18 = 5.84; P < 0.025 — control-ANOVA main effect of seen/not-seen condition on reaction time Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhl060.