standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
| transfer | transfers | a method or concept carried in from another field |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 3 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
This record holds no controls. A layer is empty when the tagger recorded nothing in it — which is not the same as the paper having nothing to record.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| claim_type | mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | nonconscious social behaviour priming Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | review Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: review | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[2] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[3] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | A THEORY OF DEFINITION, QUOTED APPROVINGLY, IN A PRIMING RETROSPECTIVE: `Concepts are not defined solely in terms of inherent properties; instead, they are defined primarily in terms of interactional properties.` If that is right, a definition is not a list of features a thing has but a description of what it does with other things - and two fields that use a term in different interactions have different concepts even when their feature lists agree. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | AND THE MECHANISM BY WHICH A METAPHOR CARRIES A STRUCTURE: experiential gestalts `emerge from interaction, from constant negotiation with the environment and other people ... We understand experience metaphorically when we use a gestalt from one domain of experience to structure experience in another domain.` This is why an imported metaphor needs no glossary: the reader already holds the relations, and importing the word imports them. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | A CONCEPT'S ABSENCE MEASURED BY AN INDEX: `In Greg Murphy's (2002) otherwise masterful ... Big Book of Concepts, for example, there is NO MENTION of the development or nature of behavioral or action concepts - the term does not even appear in the index.` The field's canonical reference work is used as the instrument, and the reading is taken from the back of it. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[6] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | AND THE FIELD'S DEFAULT THEORY OF CONCEPTS NAMED AND DATED: `cognitive psychology is dominated by the old idea that concepts are all literal and disembodied.` Quoted from the 2003 afterword to a 1980 book, inside a 2006 paper, as the position the author is departing from. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[7] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The dependence of real-world goal pursuit on other people's cooperation is named as the largest threat to the generality of the laboratory findings. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The field's empirical demonstrations have outrun its ability to say what is being primed or how the effects are produced. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The proposed role of selective attention in filtering potential primes is stated as expectation rather than established result. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| transfers | cascade models of language production are imported wholesale as a model for how parallel primed responses become serial social behaviour Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[0] | the tagger's words | |
| transfers | Lakoff and Johnson's conceptual-metaphor theory, Clark's analysis of conversational language use, and Dell's speech-production model are proposed as the solution to social psychology's own two problems Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[1] | the tagger's words | |
| transfers | the paper traces the concept of priming itself as an import into social cognition from Lashley's analysis of language Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[2] | the tagger's words | |
| concepts | priming Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: priming | concepts[0] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | social knowledge structures Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: social knowledge structures | concepts[1] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | single concept Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: single concept | concepts[2] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | conceptual structure Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: conceptual structure | concepts[3] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | generation problem Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: generation problem | concepts[4] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | reduction problem Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: reduction problem | concepts[5] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | interactional properties Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: interactional properties | concepts[6] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | experiential gestalts Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: experiential gestalts | concepts[7] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| senses | priming, as this paper defines it - THREE CONDITIONS, one of them a required failure: the representation is activated INCIDENTALLY or unobtrusively, in ONE context, and influences what comes next WITHOUT THE PERSON'S AWARENESS OF THIS INFLUENCE. Note what is not in the definition: no mechanism, no time course, no claim about which representation. The scope is set as wide as it can go - `nearly all forms of social representation can be primed` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | THE ANSWER TO THE TITLE, and it revises twenty-five years of a literature in the past perfect: our priming manipulations ARE, AND HAVE BEEN, priming more than single concepts. Not a proposal to study something new but a claim that the field has been describing its own manipulations wrongly all along - written by the author of much of that literature. The unit of analysis changes; the word `priming` does not Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | `childhood's end` - the field's own developmental self-assessment, and the frame for the whole review: twenty-five years of amazing findings are treated as a childhood that has to end, with the effects having been studied IN ISOLATION FROM EACH OTHER in laboratories and now needing to be put back into a world where they all arrive at once Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | the generation and reduction problems as an INVERSE PAIR - the paper's closing formulation makes the symmetry explicit: how the FEW (primes) produce the MANY (parallel response potentialities), and then how the many get reduced back into the few so that action can happen in real time. One paradigm, two open problems, stated as each other's mirror Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | the reduction problem is where the LABORATORY ITSELF is named as the limitation: it is `especially salient when one considers the busy, stimulus-rich real world outside of the laboratory, with all of the priming possibilities available`. The design that made the effects visible - one prime, one quiet room - is the design that hides the question of which prime wins Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | `definition` - THE STANDARD ACCOUNT, REJECTED IN THIS PAPER'S OWN VOICE BY QUOTATION: `an account of how people understand their experiences requires a view of definition very different from the standard account ... individual concepts are not defined in an isolated fashion, but rather in terms of their roles in natural kinds of experiences.` A claim about what a definition IS, in the most-cited retrospective on priming. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | `concept` - AS THE COGNITIVE TRADITION HAS IT: `Concepts, in this research tradition, ARE NOT FOR DOING, THEY ARE FOR KNOWING.` The paper's one-line diagnosis of why the concept literature could not help it. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[6] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | builds-on → Lakoff & Johnson, 1980; Clark, 1996; Dell, 1986 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | extends → Trope and Liberman (2003) temporal construal theory Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | builds-on → Boroditsky (2000) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | conceptual structure —contrasted-with→ single concept Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: WHETHER ONE ACTIVATION CAN REACH SEVERAL PSYCHOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AT ONCE - a single concept cannot do the work required of it, a conceptual structure of the kind Lakoff & Johnson described can. The replacement is made on grounds of explanatory capacity, not on evidence that the structure was activated · strength of the relation: 0.95 · note: THE PAPER'S CENTRAL MOVE, and the whole answer to its title. Confidence 0.95 because the contrast is the sentence's explicit subject rather than my reading of it. also in: conceptual structure · single concept | concept_edges[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | priming —operationalised-as→ social knowledge structures Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.85 · note: The abstract's first clause treats 'priming' and 'nonconscious activation of social knowledge structures' as the same thing named twice - which is what makes the later revision of the UNIT a change to the construct rather than a change of topic.
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span glosses priming as nonconscious activation of social knowledge structures; operationalised-as is loose. also in: priming · social knowledge structures | concept_edges[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | generation problem —distinct-from→ reduction problem Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: DIRECTION - generation is one prime producing many simultaneous effects; reduction is many simultaneous effects having to become one action in real time. The same bottleneck seen from either side · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: Both labels are coined in this sentence, in the abstract. The corpus should be able to retrieve the paper that NAMED a field's open problems as easily as one that reported an effect, which is why they are nodes and not just senses. also in: generation problem · reduction problem | concept_edges[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | The paper's central claim is that priming manipulations have never been activating single concepts but whole conceptual structures — metaphors, roles, perspectives or mindsets. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Because a single prime produces its perceptual, evaluative, motivational and behavioural effects in parallel, which effect a study 'finds' is an artefact of the dependent variable the experimenter chose to measure. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The role/persona account is offered as the answer to what priming studies have actually been activating: not discrete acts but a whole perspective with its goals and values. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Goal-driven selective attention is proposed as the first stage of the solution to the reduction problem, filtering which of the many available environmental primes can act at all. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | When primed responses conflict, the person's currently active goal or motivational state is said to prevail over the other activated tendencies. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The paper suggests the mechanisms of language production and of social behaviour production may be one and the same. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | priming Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: priming | content_tags.definitions[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | the generation problem Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: the generation problem | content_tags.definitions[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | the reduction problem Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: the reduction problem | content_tags.definitions[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | the construal alternative Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: the construal alternative | content_tags.definitions[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | the product tradition Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: the product tradition | content_tags.definitions[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | the action tradition Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: the action tradition | content_tags.definitions[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | experiential gestalts Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: experiential gestalts | content_tags.definitions[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 71% — proportion of participants in Boroditsky's (2000) study, as reported here, who interpreted ambiguous time information consistently with a preceding spatial prime Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 64% / 47% — the asymmetry the paper reports from Boroditsky's replication: space primes shifted thinking about time, but time primes did not shift thinking about space Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 15% — the share of people the paper states are susceptible to post-hypnotic suggestion, used to argue priming is not simply hypnosis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.