What have we been priming all these years? On the development, mechanisms, and ecology of nonconscious social behavior

What have we been priming all these years? On the development, mechanisms, and ecology of nonconscious social behavior Bargh

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What have we been priming all these years? On the development, mechanisms, and ecology of nonconscious social behavior 2006 European journal of social psychology 10.1002/ejsp.336 Bargh2006-what-have-we-been-priming-all-these-years-on Bargh2006-what-have-we-been-priming-all-these-years-on.txt, the project's staged copy 0ccac72c4e9dec272272bea48c2f922aada2766e not-redistributable social-psychology

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them mechanism Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. nonconscious social behaviour priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. review review Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms An active goal raises the accessibility of goal-relevant representations, so attention selects only a fraction of the environment and only those selected stimuli can prime a response. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Activation cascades from the conceptual-semantic level onto the action-planning level, so perceiving an object automatically brings up the action plans associated with it. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Infants internalise both sides of routine interactions with caregivers, which is how complex role/perspective structures — the things later primed — come to be represented at all. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Later, abstract concepts are scaffolded metaphorically onto earlier directly-experienced structures such as spatial orientation, so priming the earlier structure carries into the later one. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A THEORY OF DEFINITION, QUOTED APPROVINGLY, IN A PRIMING RETROSPECTIVE: `Concepts are not defined solely in terms of inherent properties; instead, they are defined primarily in terms of interactional properties.` If that is right, a definition is not a list of features a thing has but a description of what it does with other things - and two fields that use a term in different interactions have different concepts even when their feature lists agree. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AND THE MECHANISM BY WHICH A METAPHOR CARRIES A STRUCTURE: experiential gestalts `emerge from interaction, from constant negotiation with the environment and other people ... We understand experience metaphorically when we use a gestalt from one domain of experience to structure experience in another domain.` This is why an imported metaphor needs no glossary: the reader already holds the relations, and importing the word imports them. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A CONCEPT'S ABSENCE MEASURED BY AN INDEX: `In Greg Murphy's (2002) otherwise masterful ... Big Book of Concepts, for example, there is NO MENTION of the development or nature of behavioral or action concepts - the term does not even appear in the index.` The field's canonical reference work is used as the instrument, and the reading is taken from the back of it. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AND THE FIELD'S DEFAULT THEORY OF CONCEPTS NAMED AND DATED: `cognitive psychology is dominated by the old idea that concepts are all literal and disembodied.` Quoted from the 2003 afterword to a 1980 book, inside a 2006 paper, as the position the author is departing from. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The dependence of real-world goal pursuit on other people's cooperation is named as the largest threat to the generality of the laboratory findings. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The field's empirical demonstrations have outrun its ability to say what is being primed or how the effects are produced. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The proposed role of selective attention in filtering potential primes is stated as expectation rather than established result. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cascade models of language production are imported wholesale as a model for how parallel primed responses become serial social behaviour Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Lakoff and Johnson's conceptual-metaphor theory, Clark's analysis of conversational language use, and Dell's speech-production model are proposed as the solution to social psychology's own two problems Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the paper traces the concept of priming itself as an import into social cognition from Lashley's analysis of language Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. priming priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. social knowledge structures social knowledge structures Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. single concept single concept Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. conceptual structure conceptual structure Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. generation problem generation problem Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. reduction problem reduction problem Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. interactional properties interactional properties Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. experiential gestalts experiential gestalts Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. priming, as this paper defines it - THREE CONDITIONS, one of them a required failure: the representation is activated INCIDENTALLY or unobtrusively, in ONE context, and influences what comes next WITHOUT THE PERSON'S AWARENESS OF THIS INFLUENCE. Note what is not in the definition: no mechanism, no time course, no claim about which representation. The scope is set as wide as it can go - `nearly all forms of social representation can be primed` Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE ANSWER TO THE TITLE, and it revises twenty-five years of a literature in the past perfect: our priming manipulations ARE, AND HAVE BEEN, priming more than single concepts. Not a proposal to study something new but a claim that the field has been describing its own manipulations wrongly all along - written by the author of much of that literature. The unit of analysis changes; the word `priming` does not Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. `childhood's end` - the field's own developmental self-assessment, and the frame for the whole review: twenty-five years of amazing findings are treated as a childhood that has to end, with the effects having been studied IN ISOLATION FROM EACH OTHER in laboratories and now needing to be put back into a world where they all arrive at once Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the generation and reduction problems as an INVERSE PAIR - the paper's closing formulation makes the symmetry explicit: how the FEW (primes) produce the MANY (parallel response potentialities), and then how the many get reduced back into the few so that action can happen in real time. One paradigm, two open problems, stated as each other's mirror Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the reduction problem is where the LABORATORY ITSELF is named as the limitation: it is `especially salient when one considers the busy, stimulus-rich real world outside of the laboratory, with all of the priming possibilities available`. The design that made the effects visible - one prime, one quiet room - is the design that hides the question of which prime wins Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. `definition` - THE STANDARD ACCOUNT, REJECTED IN THIS PAPER'S OWN VOICE BY QUOTATION: `an account of how people understand their experiences requires a view of definition very different from the standard account ... individual concepts are not defined in an isolated fashion, but rather in terms of their roles in natural kinds of experiences.` A claim about what a definition IS, in the most-cited retrospective on priming. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. `concept` - AS THE COGNITIVE TRADITION HAS IT: `Concepts, in this research tradition, ARE NOT FOR DOING, THEY ARE FOR KNOWING.` The paper's one-line diagnosis of why the concept literature could not help it. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → Lakoff & Johnson, 1980; Clark, 1996; Dell, 1986 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extends → Trope and Liberman (2003) temporal construal theory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → Boroditsky (2000) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. conceptual structure —contrasted-with→ single concept conceptual structure single concept differs in: WHETHER ONE ACTIVATION CAN REACH SEVERAL PSYCHOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AT ONCE - a single concept cannot do the work required of it, a conceptual structure of the kind Lakoff & Johnson described can. The replacement is made on grounds of explanatory capacity, not on evidence that the structure was activated · strength of the relation: 0.95 · note: THE PAPER'S CENTRAL MOVE, and the whole answer to its title. Confidence 0.95 because the contrast is the sentence's explicit subject rather than my reading of it. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. priming —operationalised-as→ social knowledge structures priming social knowledge structures strength of the relation: 0.85 · note: The abstract's first clause treats 'priming' and 'nonconscious activation of social knowledge structures' as the same thing named twice - which is what makes the later revision of the UNIT a change to the construct rather than a change of topic. Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span glosses priming as nonconscious activation of social knowledge structures; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. generation problem —distinct-from→ reduction problem generation problem reduction problem differs in: DIRECTION - generation is one prime producing many simultaneous effects; reduction is many simultaneous effects having to become one action in real time. The same bottleneck seen from either side · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: Both labels are coined in this sentence, in the abstract. The corpus should be able to retrieve the paper that NAMED a field's open problems as easily as one that reported an effect, which is why they are nodes and not just senses. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The paper's central claim is that priming manipulations have never been activating single concepts but whole conceptual structures — metaphors, roles, perspectives or mindsets. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Because a single prime produces its perceptual, evaluative, motivational and behavioural effects in parallel, which effect a study 'finds' is an artefact of the dependent variable the experimenter chose to measure. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The role/persona account is offered as the answer to what priming studies have actually been activating: not discrete acts but a whole perspective with its goals and values. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Goal-driven selective attention is proposed as the first stage of the solution to the reduction problem, filtering which of the many available environmental primes can act at all. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. When primed responses conflict, the person's currently active goal or motivational state is said to prevail over the other activated tendencies. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The paper suggests the mechanisms of language production and of social behaviour production may be one and the same. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. priming priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the generation problem the generation problem Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the reduction problem the reduction problem Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the construal alternative the construal alternative Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the product tradition the product tradition Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the action tradition the action tradition Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. experiential gestalts experiential gestalts Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 71% — proportion of participants in Boroditsky's (2000) study, as reported here, who interpreted ambiguous time information consistently with a preceding spatial prime Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 64% / 47% — the asymmetry the paper reports from Boroditsky's replication: space primes shifted thinking about time, but time primes did not shift thinking about space Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 15% — the share of people the paper states are susceptible to post-hypnotic suggestion, used to argue priming is not simply hypnosis Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

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