Monkeys show recognition without priming in a classification task

Monkeys show recognition without priming in a classification task Basile Hampton

Tag layer of the DHSS Meta-Tagging Project. The article text is reproduced from the staged copy named in sourceDesc and is not altered; the tags are held separately in standOff so that overlapping and nested spans are preserved.

Monkeys show recognition without priming in a classification task 2013 Behavioural processes 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.08.005 Basile2013-monkeys-show-recognition-without-priming-in Basile2013-monkeys-show-recognition-without-priming-in.txt, the project's staged copy 88f317d1fa26e7a6951b4035c07c8c37b65b3d68 not-redistributable psychology

the paper's own words

the tag layer; a sentence written by the tagger about the paper, always anchored to a quotation but not itself a quotation

0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them null-result Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. perceptual (repetition) priming in monkeys Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. behavioural-experiment behavioural-experiment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms The visual processing that supports recognition is encapsulated from the processing that supports classification, so remembering an image cannot feed forward to help classify a degraded version of it. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Pigeons and monkeys classify by different routes — local features versus global shape — which is offered as the explanation for why priming appeared in pigeons but not here. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The study may simply have failed to identify the conditions under which priming would appear in monkeys. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Despite exploring many manipulations, the critical conditions for producing a memory effect on classification may have been missed. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The one significant priming effect obtained (Experiment 5, blur mask) is treated by the authors as unreliable and possibly a Type I error. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the human occluded-picture-naming priming paradigm is converted into a classification task so it can be run on monkeys Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the S+ category counterbalanced across monkeys - cats were S+ for three monkeys and S- for the other three eliminates: that the result is a pre-existing preference for one stimulus category rather than learning of the assigned contingency · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. perceptual priming perceptual priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. priming priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. explicit memory explicit memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. recognition recognition Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. classification classification Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. repetition suppression repetition suppression Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. search image search image Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. priming as IMPLICIT - named by the paper as the critical feature of the theories it is testing, and stated as a double requirement: subjects identify primed material better AND cannot explicitly remember it. The effect is defined partly by a FAILURE that has to accompany it, which is why a study finding memory for the primes is testing something the definition cares about Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. priming defined by a PROPERTY LIST rather than by a mechanism - automatic, effortless, unconscious, neuroanatomically separate from sophisticated forms of memory such as episodic memory. Every item is a contrast with something else, and it is precisely this shape of definition that licenses the leap to evolutionary age: a capacity that needs none of the expensive machinery is assumed to have come first Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the PHYLOGENETIC ASSUMPTION, named as an assumption in the abstract: priming is `commonly thought, with little evidence, to be widely distributed phylogenetically`. The paper's target is not a finding but a belief its field holds without having tested it - and the only prior nonhuman evidence it can find is one study in pigeons Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. search image versus perceptual priming - a neighbouring concept separated by two stated measurements rather than by definition: the search image is SHORT LIVED and is DIMINISHED BY DIVIDED ATTENTION, so it is classed as short-term ATTENTIONAL priming rather than the long-term PERCEPTUAL priming seen in humans. Two literatures using one word, told apart by duration and by whether attention matters Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. `priming` and `perceptual priming` are used at DIFFERENT GRAIN in different parts of the argument, and the split is systematic rather than casual: where the paper reasons about memory SYSTEMS - dissociation from explicit memory, survival in amnesia, evolutionary age - it writes bare `priming`; where it describes the visual effect it measures, and where it fences that effect off from the search image, it writes `perceptual priming`. The general term carries the theory and the specific term carries the experiment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. a null defended rather than reported - the paper argues its own absence of evidence is not absence of power, on three separate grounds: priming is routinely seen in SINGLE human subjects, the pigeon result that motivated the study used FEWER subjects than this one, and the same animals demonstrably remembered the primes. The last is the one that matters, because it rules out the animals not having encoded the images at all Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → Brodbeck (1997) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → Brodbeck (1997) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → Mcmahon & Olson (2007) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. perceptual priming —distinct-from→ search image perceptual priming search image differs in: DURATION AND ATTENTIONAL DEPENDENCE - the search image is short lived and is diminished by divided attention, which is why the paper files it as short-term attentional priming rather than long-term perceptual priming · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: The paper's own phrase is 'similar to, but distinct from', and it does not leave the distinction as an assertion: both differentiating properties are cited to experiments. This is the shape the corpus wants - a boundary drawn with measurements. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. priming —distinct-from→ explicit memory priming explicit memory differs in: WHETHER IT SURVIVES AMNESIA AND WHICH NEURAL SYSTEM CARRIES IT - the separation is the definition rather than a finding about it, which is what makes this record's null result awkward for the theory · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: Recorded because the dissociation is doing definitional work: priming is IDENTIFIED by being separable from explicit memory. A monkey that recognises the primes but shows no priming is a dissociation running the other way. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. repetition suppression —causes→ priming repetition suppression priming strength of the relation: 0.7 · note: Weight 0.7 - the LOWEST on this record, and deliberately. The paper reports this as a theorised mechanism it is about to find fault with: the neural signature is present in monkeys and the behavioural effect is not. Recorded as the literature's claim, not as this paper's. Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but repetition suppression is 'THEORIZED TO UNDERLIE' priming; causes is hedged. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. recognition —distinct-from→ classification recognition classification differs in: WHETHER MEMORY FOR AN IMAGE REACHES THE PROCESS AT ALL - the same remembered image supports recognition and does nothing for classification, which the paper reads as cognitive encapsulation between the two · strength of the relation: 0.85 · note: THE RESULT, stated as a relation between two tasks rather than as an effect size. The paper's last word on it is 'presents a puzzle', and the weight says so. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. t-test t-test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. arcsine transformation arcsine transformation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. significance level (alpha), two-tailed testing significance level (alpha), two-tailed testing Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. effect size (Cohen's d) effect size (Cohen's d) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. p-value p-value Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. median median Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Type I error Type I error Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Across eleven experiments rhesus monkeys showed no priming: previously seen images conferred no reliable advantage when degraded versions had to be classified. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The same monkeys did recognise the prime images, both masked and unmasked, at the same memory interval at which no priming appeared. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The single significant priming result (the blur-mask experiment) failed to replicate under stronger conditions and is interpreted as a Type I error. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Scrambling the masked images significantly lowered classification accuracy compared with intact masked images. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The classification was based on global form, exactly the kind of process that memory for the intact image should have facilitated. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A close methodological replication of the only positive nonhuman priming study (in pigeons) produced no priming in monkeys. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The combination of intact recognition with absent facilitation constitutes a dissociation between remembering an image and classifying it. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. perceptual priming perceptual priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. specific searching image specific searching image Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. perceptual closure perceptual closure Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. accuracy accuracy Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. latency latency Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. classification accuracy classification accuracy Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. latency latency Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. image quality (color, grayscale, line drawings) image quality (color, grayscale, line drawings) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. category control images category control images Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. six — number of adult male rhesus monkeys tested throughout the study Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 288 / 288 — primed and unprimed trials collected per monkey in Experiment 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 3.1% — the absolute accuracy advantage for primed images in the one experiment that reached significance, later attributed to Type I error Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 80% / 81% — the occlusion level required in the pigeon-replication and the accuracy it produced Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 98% — the monkeys' accuracy on the cats-versus-cars discrimination by the final training session Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. t (5) = 0.6, p = .6 — the null test of primed versus unprimed classification accuracy in Experiment 1, typical of the paper's null results Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. d = 1.9 — effect size for recognition of unmasked primes, the effect that was present while priming was absent Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2012.08.005.