Disentangling perceptual awareness from nonconscious processing in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

Disentangling perceptual awareness from nonconscious processing in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) Ben-Haim Dal Monte Fagan Dunham Hassin Chang Santos

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Disentangling perceptual awareness from nonconscious processing in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) 2021 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 10.1073/pnas.2017543118 Ben-Haim2021-disentangling-perceptual-awareness-from-nonc Ben-Haim2021-disentangling-perceptual-awareness-from-nonc.txt, the project's staged copy fc5d81e86f24d224c356aec629794540c8feb025 not-redistributable psychology

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them Whether rhesus monkeys show the opposite performance signatures that in humans distinguish conscious from nonconscious processing. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Since a nonverbal animal cannot report what it is aware of, is there any behavioural test that can tell conscious from nonconscious processing in one? Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Turns a human double dissociation into a nonverbal test of awareness, and finds the same opposite signatures in monkeys - which is evidence for two distinct processing modes without requiring a report. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. existence Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. double dissociation of visual awareness in nonhuman primates Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. behavioural-experiment behavioural-experiment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Subliminal cues capture gaze toward the cued (wrong) side and, without awareness, the subject cannot disengage before target onset, so the eyes are still at the wrong location when the target appears and the response is slowed Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Conscious access to the cue lets the subject deploy a deliberate strategy that redirects gaze to the opposite location before the target appears, converting the same cue from interference into facilitation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Because the two conditions push performance in opposite directions, the cross-over pattern itself is what separates aware from unaware processing in a nonverbal subject Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms a subliminal cue cannot be disengaged from, so it drags attention the wrong way; a supraliminal one can be reasoned about, so it helps - the two pull in opposite directions Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms the design's force comes from predicting the REVERSE of what salience alone would predict, so a confound cannot produce the result Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms only two processing modes can produce two opposite signatures, so the crossing itself is the inference - not either half of it Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Awareness in monkeys could not be probed verbally, so the inference rests on the behavioural pattern alone. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. No subjective reports were collected from the monkeys; the subliminal thresholds were imported from the human procedure. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The nonconscious effect may arise from low-level attentional orienting or residual visual traces rather than from a richer nonconscious process. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The inference rests on a behavioural signature, not on any access to experience - the explanatory gap the paper cites is not closed by it. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Awareness of the subliminal cue is established by self-report and a forced-choice test, both of which are null results rather than proof of absence. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The whole approach assumes the human dissociation transfers to another species; before this paper there was no evidence it does. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. They take the cross-over double-dissociation marker of nonconscious processing, developed and validated only in verbal human subjects, and transplant it into nonhuman-primate comparative research as a nonverbal test for awareness Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the cross-over double dissociation of visual awareness, rebuilt as a nonverbal saccade task so that it can be run on a species that cannot be asked what it saw Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. two NONPREDICTIVE cues, presented in both the supraliminal and the subliminal conditions eliminates: the mere presence of a cue as the explanation - if performance improved whenever any cue appeared, the effect would be arousal or alerting rather than the spatial information the cue carries · outcome: held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. double dissociation double dissociation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. single dissociations single dissociations Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. subliminal subliminal Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. supraliminal supraliminal Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. nonconscious processing nonconscious processing Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. visual awareness visual awareness Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. spatial-cueing paradigm spatial-cueing paradigm Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. explanatory gap explanatory gap Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. theory of mind theory of mind Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. awareness - the reportable kind, defined operationally by what a subject says it saw and by a forced-choice test at chance Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. awareness - the behavioural kind, defined by a crossing of two opposite performance signatures and requiring no report at all Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. consciousness - the demanding sense requiring language or theory of mind, which would confine it to humans and a few great apes Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. consciousness - the neuroanatomical sense, on which birds and octopuses may qualify Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. claim_type: existence a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: existence — note: a second reading reaching the same value from a different sentence. Not applied - a person decides. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. phenomenon: cross-over double dissociation between conscious and nonconscious visual processing a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: double dissociation of visual awareness in nonhuman primates — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extends → the single-dissociation literature on animal awareness (blindsight analogues, implicit/explicit memory, binocular rivalry) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → the position that consciousness requires language or a human-like theory of mind Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → the spatial-cueing paradigm ( 37 - 40 ) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. visual awareness —operationalised-as→ double dissociation visual awareness double dissociation strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the double-dissociation framework is USED TO disentangle conscious from nonconscious processing; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. subliminal —contrasted-with→ supraliminal subliminal supraliminal strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. visual awareness —distinct-from→ nonconscious processing visual awareness nonconscious processing strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'conscious' and 'nonconscious processing' / 'aware', not 'visual awareness'. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. nonconscious processing —operationalised-as→ subliminal nonconscious processing subliminal strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but subliminal cueing is the method for nonconscious processing; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. linear mixed model linear mixed model Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. F-test F-test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. correlation correlation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. binomial test binomial test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. chi-squared test chi-squared test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. chi-squared test chi-squared test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. standard error of the mean standard error of the mean Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mean and standard deviation mean and standard deviation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. learning-slope correlation learning-slope correlation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. anova anova Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. statistical-significance statistical-significance Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. binomial-test binomial-test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Subliminal incongruent cues slowed human target detection relative to baseline even though participants reported and tested as unaware of them, establishing nonconscious processing. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Rhesus monkeys in the subliminal condition were significantly slower to detect the target than in the baseline with two nonpredictive subliminal cues. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Like the human participants, the monkeys failed to ignore the subliminal cues and showed no signs of learning. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Supraliminal-condition participants who reported no awareness of the cue's predictive value were not faster than baseline (324 ms against 312 ms). Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Cue awareness, not cue saliency (the cue stayed hard to see at 33 ms), appears to be the critical factor in performance. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Performance stayed significantly below chance on trials where participants reported no awareness of the cue's location. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Rhesus monkeys show a double-dissociation pattern remarkably similar to that of humans. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Humans are much faster with a visible incongruent cue than with an invisible one - the conscious condition helps. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The same cue presented invisibly does the opposite: participants who saw nothing were nevertheless slowed relative to baseline. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The double-dissociation signatures were first established in humans across seven experiments and then found in similar form in rhesus monkeys. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Earlier work established only single dissociations, which show animals have properties resembling conscious or nonconscious processing without separating the two. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. spatial-cueing paradigm spatial-cueing paradigm Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. forced-guessing paradigm forced-guessing paradigm Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cross-over double dissociation cross-over double dissociation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. supraliminal stimuli supraliminal stimuli Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. subliminal stimuli subliminal stimuli Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. response time response time Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. gaze frequency gaze frequency Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mean = 43.5% correct, P = 0.00018 — Monkeys' below-chance accuracy in the subliminal forced-guessing condition and its combined binomial probability Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 42% versus 25% — Share of human participants falling in the lowest binomial p-value quartile versus the share expected by chance Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 94.6% correct, SD = 3.7% — Human accuracy in the supraliminal forced-guessing condition (eye-tracking modality) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 4 monkeys, 145 humans — Total subjects across the seven experiments Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 75% — Participants who became aware of the cues and used them when only 20% of trials carried a supraliminal cue Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 250 ms versus 17/33 ms — Cue exposure durations defining the supraliminal and subliminal conditions Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 1.2% — Human error rate, which did not differ between supraliminal and subliminal conditions Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 50% — Chance level in the forced-guessing task, above which performance requires using the incongruent cue Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 250 ms vs 17/33 ms — supraliminal versus subliminal cue durations - the manipulation the whole design turns on Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. seven experiments — size of the series, humans then monkeys Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 200 ms fixation — gaze hold required to register a response, the nonverbal substitute for a button press Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2017543118.