Driving fast-spiking cells induces gamma rhythm and controls sensory responses

Driving fast-spiking cells induces gamma rhythm and controls sensory responses Cardin Carlén Meletis Knoblich Zhang Deisseroth Tsai Moore

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Driving fast-spiking cells induces gamma rhythm and controls sensory responses 2009 Nature 10.1038/nature08002 Cardin2009-driving-fast-spiking-cells-induces-gamma-rhy Cardin2009-driving-fast-spiking-cells-induces-gamma-rhy.txt, the project's staged copy e9bd05e5a1e7fd03441eea5c689df8dff3b7f220 not-redistributable neuroscience

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them Whether driving one cortical cell type is enough to create a network rhythm, and what that rhythm then does to sensory transmission. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanism Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cortical gamma oscillations Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. electrophysiology electrophysiology Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Rhythmic FS-generated IPSPs gate sensory transmission: inhibition blocks input at its peak and releases it during decay, temporally sharpening cortical responses Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Increased FS firing recruits a resonance in the surrounding cortical network whose preferred band is set by the circuit's synaptic and biophysical properties Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Synchronous inhibition from fast-spiking cells opens a narrow window in which excitation is effective, which is what synchronises the ensemble Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The gamma band is a property of the circuit rather than of the drive: changing light intensity changes how much amplification occurs but not which frequencies are amplified Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Stimulating at random frequencies still produces gamma, so the rhythm is emergent and does not have to be imposed Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The induced rhythm still needs excitatory feedback - blocking glutamate receptors abolishes it even while the interneurons keep firing Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The functional consequence: inhibition blocks input at its peak and permits it after decay, which sharpens the timing of sensory responses Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Cell-type targeting works through Cre-dependent expression, so the light acts only on neurons that already carry the driver Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The effect was not obtained in layer 5, so the result is confined to the layers where activation was observed what this limits: the laminar scope of the effect: WE DID NOT OBSERVE LIGHT ACTIVATION OF LAYER 5 FS CELLS (n=12 SITES IN 7 ANIMALS) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Labelling efficiency falls off with distance from the injection, so the manipulated population is not uniform across the field what this limits: what 'the PV population' means at any distance from the injection: THE LABELLING EFFICIENCY OF AAV DIO ChR2-mCHERRY VARIED OVER DISTANCE FROM THE INJECTION SITE; CLOSE TO THE CENTRE OF THE INJECTION, >97% OF THE PV+ INTERNEURONS EXPRESSED ChR2-mCHERRY Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The excitatory comparison covers at most half the target population, against near-complete coverage on the inhibitory side about this quote: FLATTENED EXPONENT IN THIS QUOTE - THE NUMBER IS WRONG BY ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE AS IT STANDS. The staged text reads '8.4×10 6', where the paper writes 10 to the power 6. The superscript was pushed onto the line by the PDF extractor. The quote is verbatim to the staged text and its anchor is sound; the STAGED TEXT is what is damaged. NOT repaired - repair means re-staging the body and re-anchoring the record. · what this limits: the excitatory arm of the FS-versus-RS comparison, which is covered less completely than the inhibitory arm: AT LEAST 50% OF THE aCamKII+ NEURONS IN LAYER 2/3 EXPRESSED ChR2-mCHERRY (913 OF 1,638 CELLS) · for which use evidence status note: FLATTENED EXPONENT IN THIS QUOTE - THE NUMBER IS WRONG BY ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE AS IT STANDS. The staged text reads '8.4×10 6', where the paper writes 10 to the power 6. The superscript was pushed onto the line by the PDF extractor. The quote is verbatim to the staged text and its anchor is sound; the STAGED TEXT is what is damaged. NOT repaired - repair means re-staging the body and re-anchoring the record. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The pyramidal-drive comparison at 40 Hz produced a small increase that did not reach significance, so the dissociation is asymmetric in strength what this limits: the frequency specificity of the dissociation: RS STIMULATION AT 8 Hz CAUSED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE OF LFP POWER AT 8 Hz (P<0.001), WHEREAS RS STIMULATION AT 40 Hz CAUSED ONLY A SMALL, NONSIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN 40-Hz LFP POWER Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The phase-gating experiment rests on twenty cells in three animals what this limits: the phase-gating result: n=20 CELLS IN 3 ANIMALS, responses to a single vibrissa deflection at one of five phases relative to a single gamma cycle Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. a microbial light-sensitive cation channel is imported as the tool for driving a specific mammalian cortical cell type in vivo Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. each imaging channel collected in MULTI-TRACK mode rather than simultaneously eliminates: optical cross-talk between channels - bleed from one fluorophore into another channel would appear as co-labelling that is not there · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. gamma oscillations gamma oscillations Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. fast-spiking fast-spiking Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the causal claim - SUFFICIENCY: driving fast-spiking cells is enough to produce gamma, which is what the optogenetic activation shows Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the causal claim - NECESSITY: naturally occurring gamma depends on the same cells, shown by shifting its phase with a single pulse Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. gamma - INDUCED by light: the rhythm created by driving interneurons, which is what most of the paper measures Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. gamma - NATURALLY occurring: the spontaneous rhythm, a different object that the induced one is shown to connect with Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the frequency band - as set by the DRIVE: the alternative in which spike probability determines which band is enhanced Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the frequency band - as set by the CIRCUIT: resonance, which is what varying light intensity showed Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → the fast-spiking-gamma hypothesis (prior computational models and recordings holding that gamma is generated by synchronous fast-spiking interneuron activity) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. supports → the fast-spiking-gamma hypothesis derived from computational modelling Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. supports → the account of gamma as gating synaptic input rhythmically to synchronise cell assemblies Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extends → prior in vivo recordings showing sensory-evoked gamma and phase-locked pyramidal firing Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. fast-spiking —causes→ gamma oscillations fast-spiking gamma oscillations direction on the measure: increases · the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 1 · the relation stated: driving the interneurons AMPLIFIES gamma, selectively across a wide drive range Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. regular spiking —distinct-from→ gamma oscillations regular spiking gamma oscillations strength of the relation: 0.9 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but pyramidal activation amplifies ONLY LOWER-frequency oscillations, a double dissociation; distinct-from gamma is loose. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. fast-spiking —causes→ inhibitory postsynaptic potentials fast-spiking inhibitory postsynaptic potentials strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. inhibitory postsynaptic potentials —causes→ precision inhibitory postsynaptic potentials precision strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. phase —causes→ precision phase precision strength of the relation: 0.9 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says precision was enhanced in a gamma-phase-dependent manner; 'phase causes precision' is loose. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AMPA —causes→ gamma oscillations AMPA gamma oscillations strength of the relation: 0.9 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. resonant circuit property —contrasted-with→ spike probability resonant circuit property spike probability strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. t-test t-test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ANOVA ANOVA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Kruskal-Wallis test Kruskal-Wallis test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. standard error of the mean standard error of the mean Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. standard deviation standard deviation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Optogenetically driving fast-spiking interneurons across a wide frequency range amplified oscillations selectively in the gamma band. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Driving FS cells at 20-80 Hz significantly amplified local field potential power at those frequencies. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. LFP power was selectively amplified in the gamma range whatever the light intensity or spike probability, though the drive affected the size of the enhancement. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A single 1-ms light pulse to FS cells produced large fast IPSPs in nearby regular-spiking neurons, confirming direct monosynaptic inhibition. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Activating FS cells suppressed whisker-evoked responses in neighbouring excitatory neurons. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The phase of the gamma cycle at which a whisker deflection arrived determined the amplitude, latency and temporal precision of the resulting cortical response. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Light-induced gamma depended on fast excitatory synaptic transmission, since blocking AMPA and NMDA receptors abolished it even while FS cells still fired strongly. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A brief FS activation reset the phase of spontaneously occurring gamma oscillations, linking naturally occurring gamma to FS activity. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. driving fast-spiking interneurons amplified the local field potential selectively in the 20-80 Hz band Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. driving excitatory neurons at 8-24 Hz raised LFP power at those frequencies but not at higher ones Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the amplified band did not move with light intensity or spike probability, so it is set by the circuit Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. single pulses shifted the phase of naturally occurring gamma, linking the induced rhythm to the spontaneous one Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the position of a whisker deflection within the gamma cycle changed the amplitude, latency and precision of the response Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. activating the interneurons blocked whisker-evoked responses in neighbouring excitatory cells Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cortical gamma oscillations (20–80 Hz) cortical gamma oscillations (20–80 Hz) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. local field potential (LFP) local field potential (LFP) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. double dissociation of cell-type-specific state induction double dissociation of cell-type-specific state induction Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. channelrhodopsin-2 channelrhodopsin-2 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. gamma oscillations gamma oscillations Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. local field potential local field potential Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cell type cell type Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. timing of the whisker deflection timing of the whisker deflection Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. relative power relative power Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. spike probability spike probability Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. precision of sensory-evoked spikes precision of sensory-evoked spikes Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. LFP power LFP power Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. light intensity light intensity Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. untransduced contralateral barrel cortex untransduced contralateral barrel cortex Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 96.7±1.0% — proportion of ChR2-mCherry-expressing neurons that were parvalbumin-positive, confirming targeting specificity Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. −67.6±1.9 mV — mean reversal potential of the light-evoked IPSPs, consistent with a GABA-A chloride conductance Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 2.7±1.0 mV — mean peak amplitude of the light-evoked IPSP measured near −55 to −60 mV Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 0.5 to 0.75 ms — lead time by which light-evoked FS spikes preceded the onset of the postsynaptic IPSP Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. n =64 FS cells in 15 animals — number of fast-spiking single units recorded in PV–Cre mice (against 56 RS cells in 7 αCamKII–Cre mice) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 9.1 ± 0.08 ms — onset latency of layer 4 regular-spiking responses to whisker deflection Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 20–80 Hz — the gamma band, the frequency range selectively amplified Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 96.7±1.0% — specificity of the targeting - labelled cells that really were parvalbumin-positive Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. n =64 FS cells in 15 animals — the inhibitory recording sample Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 0.5 to 0.75 ms — how far the interneuron spike preceded the inhibitory potential it caused Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. −67.6±1.9 mV — the reversal potential identifying the current as GABA-A mediated Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. five phases — the positions in the gamma cycle at which the whisker was deflected Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

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