Brain activity during intra- and cross-modal priming: new empirical data and review of the literature

Brain activity during intra- and cross-modal priming: new empirical data and review of the literature Carlesimo Turriziani Paulesu Gorini Caltagirone Fazio Perani

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Brain activity during intra- and cross-modal priming: new empirical data and review of the literature 2004 Neuropsychologia 10.1016/s0028-3932(03)00148-9 Carlesimo2004-brain-activity-during-intra-and-cross-modal Carlesimo2004-brain-activity-during-intra-and-cross-modal.txt, the project's staged copy e521a1e56128f5b3f3a9e441174b63c0fbc63d00 not-redistributable neuroscience

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them existence Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. repetition priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. neuroimaging neuroimaging Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms The left inferior temporal/fusiform region mediates interaction between phonological and orthographic word codes, and this shared abstract code is what carries facilitation across modalities Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Right prefrontal increases arise from post-retrieval awareness that the generated word was recently encountered (involuntary conscious memory), not from deliberate episodic search driving the completions Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Left prefrontal increases reflect more efficient access to output lexical representations of recently encountered words rather than generic word-fluency demand Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The cross-modality parietal and temporal activations cannot be attributed a specific role because the interaction contrasts were not significant. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The left prefrontal activation specific to within-modality priming is only suggestive, again because the interaction failed. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The comparability of the two priming effects may be an artefact of a chance difference in the auditory baseline completion rate. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the 30-word stimulus sets were counterbalanced across subjects so each occurred equally often in the within- and cross-modality conditions and in the priming and baseline scans eliminates: that a condition difference is a difference between the word sets · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. condition and scan order counterbalanced across blocks and subjects in a LATIN SQUARE design eliminates: that the effect is an order effect across the scanning session · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. a postscan debriefing asked whether subjects had noticed that some stems came from the study list - and NEARLY ALL OF THEM HAD eliminates: that the priming is implicit - the control was run to establish that subjects were unaware, and it established the opposite · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): failed Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. repetition priming repetition priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. implicit memory implicit memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. within-modality within-modality Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. modality modality Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE ASYMMETRY IS STATED AS SETTLED BACKGROUND, AND THREE YEARS LATER IT IS AN ARTEFACT. `Quotation withheld` Written as review, not as a claim under test - which is what makes it worth tagging. lukatela2007 minimised study-test asymmetries across five experiments and found EQUAL magnitudes, with the conventional advantage returning only in a within-subjects design. Kirsner1986 reasons from the asymmetry; this record goes looking for its brain basis; lukatela2007 dissolves it. Three records, one day, none citing the others Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AND THE NEURAL RESULT IS A DISSOCIATION IN DIRECTION, NOT JUST IN LOCATION: cross-modal priming gave a larger rCBF DECREASE in left inferior temporal and fusiform cortex - regions tied to modality-independent lexical retrieval - while `within-modality auditory priming was associated with a bilateral pattern of prefrontal rCBF increase.` Different regions and opposite signs. Whatever the behavioural asymmetry turns out to be, these two conditions are not one process running at two strengths in this data - which is a constraint that survives even if lukatela2007 is right that the behavioural difference is a design artefact Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE DEFINITION PUTS THE CRITERION IN THE INSTRUCTIONS, WHICH IS EASY TO READ PAST: repetition priming manifests as facilitation or a completion bias `when test instructions do not make any reference to prior events.` Not `when the subject is unaware`, not `when memory is not consciously used` - when the experimenter did not mention it. The construct is operationalised by what was said to the participant, and the 90%% discussion of this same paper concedes that `involuntary conscious memory` may occur anyway when the study context is reinstated. The definition and the caveat are in the same paper Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → Badgaiyan et al. (1999); Badgaiyan et al. (2001) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → Carlesimo, Marfia, Loasses, & Caltagirone (1996); Graf et al. (1985) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → Badgaiyan et al. (1999); Schacter et al. (1999) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → Buckner et al. (2000) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. repetition priming —is-a→ implicit memory repetition priming implicit memory strength of the relation: 0.95 · note: THE CLEANEST 'is-a' I HAVE CUT THIS SESSION, AND THEY ARE RARE. 'Repetition priming is a form of implicit memory' - the relation is the sentence's main verb, both endpoints are named as words, and there is no hedge to preserve. Weight 0.95. Most taxonomy in this literature has to be inferred from how terms are used together; here it is asserted directly, in an introduction, as the thing the reader is expected to already accept. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ANOVA ANOVA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. F-test F-test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. t-test t-test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. z-score z-score Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. general linear model general linear model Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. random effects analysis random effects analysis Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. p-value p-value Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. correlation correlation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. meta-analysis meta-analysis Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Auditory-to-visual cross-modality priming produced a significantly larger blood-flow decrease at the left inferior temporal/fusiform boundary than within-modality auditory priming. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The interaction analysis confirmed the deactivation difference was specific to the cross-modality condition in left BA 37/20. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Within-modality auditory priming was accompanied by bilateral prefrontal blood-flow increases. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Right middle frontal activation was significantly greater for within-modality than for cross-modality priming. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Within- and cross-modality priming effects were of comparable size behaviourally (4.4 and 3.9). Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The magnitude of the left inferior temporal deactivation tracked each subject's behavioural cross-modality priming, tying the imaging effect to behaviour. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. No blood-flow decrease related to within-modality priming reached the threshold used. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Priming size did not change across successive study-test blocks. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. repetition priming repetition priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cross-modality priming cross-modality priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. stem completion paradigm stem completion paradigm Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. within-modality priming effect within-modality priming effect Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. basal temporal language area basal temporal language area Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. involuntary conscious memory involuntary conscious memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. modality of stem presentation (auditory versus visual) modality of stem presentation (auditory versus visual) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. percentage of target words percentage of target words Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. foil lists foil lists Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Eight — number of participants scanned (male college students aged 20-27) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 12 scans — number of PET scans per subject, three in each of the four conditions Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 360 — number of common Italian target words making up the stem-completion materials Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 6.51 per million — mean lexical frequency of the target words in Italian Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 7.7 versus 3.5 — mean number of stems completed with target words in priming versus baseline scans Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 4.4 and 3.9 — size of the within-modality and cross-modality priming effects, which did not differ reliably Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. F = 42.2; P < 0.001 — main effect of condition (priming versus baseline) on stem completion Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Z = 2.59 — sub-threshold deactivation peak in right BA 19 for within-modality auditory priming, found only in an exploratory analysis Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Z = 2.0; P = 0.02 — strength of the correlation between left BA 37/20 deactivation and behavioural cross-modality priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1016/s0028-3932(03)00148-9.