Distinguishing the Neural Correlates of Perceptual Awareness and Postperceptual Processing

Distinguishing the Neural Correlates of Perceptual Awareness and Postperceptual Processing Cohen Ortego Kyroudis Pitts

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Distinguishing the Neural Correlates of Perceptual Awareness and Postperceptual Processing 2020 Journal of Neuroscience 10.1523/jneurosci.0120-20.2020 Cohen2020-distinguishing-the-neural-correlates-of-perc Cohen2020-distinguishing-the-neural-correlates-of-perc.txt, the project's staged copy 130efba68a1662239dd9fe95eec20c7a74eb855f not-redistributable neuroscience

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them whether the P3b tracks what an observer consciously sees or what the observer is asked to report about it Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. whether the neural difference between aware and unaware conditions measures perception or the postperceptual processing that reporting requires Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. a large P3b when the same stimuli are reported and none at all when they are not, with Bayesian evidence for the null and a replication without masks Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. null-result Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. neural correlates of perceptual awareness Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. electrophysiology electrophysiology Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms The P3b is generated by the postperceptual machinery recruited by the reporting task (categorisation, short-term memory, decision-making), not by conscious perception itself; remove the report and the component disappears even though awareness is unchanged. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Standard aware-versus-unaware contrasts confound awareness with reporting because the aware condition alone permits the extra postperceptual steps that unseen trials cannot support. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. when stimuli are not perceived such judgments cannot be made, and observers can only report that they did not see anything or provide a random guess Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. so a difference attributed to awareness may belong to the steps that only the aware condition can perform Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the P3b is concluded to be more tightly linked to carrying out a reporting task than to perceiving the stimulus Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Repeating each stimulus several times may inflate the incidental memory test's estimate of how often participants were aware of the stimuli. what this limits: the awareness rate from the incidental memory test: THESE RESULTS MAY SOMEWHAT OVERESTIMATE HOW FREQUENTLY PARTICIPANTS WERE AWARE ... BECAUSE EACH INDIVIDUAL STIMULUS WAS REPEATED MULTIPLE TIMES Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. No metacognitive confidence data were collected on the memory tests. what this limits: the interpretation of the memory-test responses: WE DID NOT OBTAIN ANY METACOGNITIVE REPORTS ... REGARDING THEIR SUBJECTIVE CONFIDENCE Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The exploratory ERP source estimates are imprecise and the design was not optimised for source localisation. what this limits: the ERP source estimates only: SOURCE ESTIMATIONS FROM ERP DATA ARE NOTORIOUSLY IMPRECISE, PARTICULARLY IN EXPERIMENTS SUCH AS OURS IN WHICH THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN WAS NOT OPTIMIZED TO ISOLATE SOURCES Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The study cannot identify alternative signatures of awareness, having been designed only to test the P3b. what this limits: any claim about signatures of awareness other than the P3b: THE CURRENT STUDY WAS NOT DESIGNED TO ISOLATE ANY SUCH SIGNATURES Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the study was not designed to isolate any remaining signature of awareness, only to test predictions about the P3b what this limits: the same scope as limitations[3] - the design tests P3b predictions, nothing else Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the masking was severe enough to disrupt early sensory processing, which overestimates the neural difference between seen and unseen what this limits: the size of the neural difference between visible and invisible: THE MASKING PROCEDURE WAS SO SEVERE THAT EARLY (PRECONSCIOUS) SENSORY ACTIVITY WAS DISRUPTED ... LEADING TO AN OVERESTIMATION OF NEURAL DIFFERENCES Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. frontoparietal activation might be present in the no-report condition and simply not visible to EEG what this limits: the frontoparietal null in the no-report condition: THERE IS SIGNIFICANT FRONTOPARIETAL ACTIVATION ... BUT WE ARE SIMPLY UNABLE to detect it - absence of evidence from EEG Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. observers may still have engaged in spontaneous postperceptual processing without being asked to report what this limits: the interpretation of the no-report condition itself: WHETHER OUR OBSERVERS ENGAGED IN SPONTANEOUS POSTPERCEPTUAL PROCESSING EVEN IN NO-REPORT CONDITIONS Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the memory test may overestimate awareness because stimuli repeated, and the alternative design would underestimate it what this limits: the awareness estimate in both directions: repeating the stimulus OVERESTIMATES awareness and the alternative design underestimates it - there is no unbiased version of the measure Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. no metacognitive confidence was collected on the memory test, though foils allowed response bias to be assessed what this limits: the same scope as limitations[1], with the partial remedy: no confidence reports, though FOIL items allowed response bias to be assessed Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. equal numbers of stimulus and blank trials within each masking condition, so that mask-blank-mask ERPs can be subtracted from mask-stimulus-mask ERPs Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. participants count how many times the green circle appeared during each 64-trial block, with a single button-press response at the end of the block Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. a Bayes factor against a specified prior, used to argue for an absence rather than merely fail to reject Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. an unexpected memory test with foils, used as an objective measure of what was consciously seen when no report was collected Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. false discovery rate correction applied across every mass univariate test eliminates: chance significance arising from the number of comparisons - with a test at every electrode and time point, some will pass at p<0.05 with no effect present at all · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the experimental design AND the planned analyses registered publicly, before any data were collected eliminates: analytic freedom after seeing the data - which analysis, which window, which exclusion. Preregistration is the institutional form of the enumeration control: it removes the choice rather than asking the reader to trust it · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. P3b → reporting THE INDEXING / PROXY RELATION - 'from' STANDS IN FOR 'to'. We have no type for it: 'causes' asserts production, and 'operationalised-as' says the authors CHOSE a measure, whereas a proxy claim says THIS STANDS IN FOR WHAT WE ACTUALLY CARE ABOUT AND WE KNOW IT IS NOT THE SAME THING. Measured at 8% of papers. PRESERVED BECAUSE THE EDGE IT DEFEATED WAS WITHDRAWN. 'P3b --causes--> report' was retracted in an earlier note of ours for turning a tracking relation into a causal one; without this record the paper's actual finding would have left the corpus with the bad edge. 'the P3b DOES NOT TRACK what observers are perceiving, but instead TRACKS what observers are REPORTING' - and the paper's point is that indexing report is NOT being a marker of awareness. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE SIGNATURE TRACKS THE READOUT, NOT THE THING: the P3b does not track what observers are perceiving, it tracks what they are reporting, and it vanishes entirely when the same stimuli are not reported Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AND EVERY STUDY THAT ESTABLISHED IT SHARED THE STEP THAT CREATES IT: the pattern is widely replicated and routinely cited, and those prior studies always had participants report their experiences Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. so replication across a literature is not independent evidence when every study inherits the same procedure - the confound is in the method, not in any one paper Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE SAME STIMULI IN BOTH CONDITIONS, WITH ONLY THE TASK CHANGED: all stimulus parameters identical, the key change being what the participant was instructed to do Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE NULL IS ARGUED FOR RATHER THAN ASSUMED: Bayesian analyses use the report condition's own effect as the prior, and a second version specifies a minimum effect of interest eight times smaller Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. and the design, the analysis windows and the electrode pool were preregistered before any data were collected Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AN INDEPENDENT CHECK ON WHAT WAS SEEN, WITHOUT ASKING: an unexpected memory test after the no-report blocks, with never-presented foils to measure how much of the yes rate is bias Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. and both directions of error in that check are named - repeating each stimulus may overestimate awareness, showing each once would underestimate it, and neither design is free Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE SECOND EXPERIMENT IS BUILT AGAINST NAMED OBJECTIONS, with what each possible outcome would license stated in advance Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AND THE SCOPE OF THE CONCLUSION IS FENCED: the result rules out one proposed signature and is stated not to disprove the theories that proposed it Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. claim_type: critique a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: null-result — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. method: the same masked stimuli shown in a report block, where observers judged each one, and a no-report block, where they counted an unrelated green circle instead, with incidental memory tests to check what was seen a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: electrophysiology — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. phenomenon: the P3b: a late centroparietal positivity that appears for stimuli observers are aware of and disappears for stimuli they are not a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: neural correlates of perceptual awareness — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → Dehaene et al. (2001) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. replicates → Dehaene et al. (2001) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → global neuronal workspace theory's prediction that the P3b is a signature of conscious processing (Dehaene, 2014) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → the proposal that the P3b is a neural signature of conscious processing Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. replicates → the sequence of event-related potentials distinguishing visible from masked stimuli reported by Dehaene and colleagues, in the report condition Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. qualifies → global neuronal workspace theory, whose core hypotheses are said to survive even though this particular prediction does not differs in: THE AXIS IS WHICH PART OF THE THEORY IS AT ISSUE. 'Quotation withheld.' A theory and its diagnostic marker are separated, and only the marker is contested - so a citation reading 'Cohen2020 challenges global workspace theory' asserts more than the paper does, in the sentence where the paper says so. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extends → earlier no-report studies, which used nonstandard awareness manipulations or passive viewing and so carried less weight differs in: THE AXIS IS THE STANDARDNESS OF THE AWARENESS MANIPULATION. 'To date, however, Quotation withheld.' The no-report literature already existed and is discounted for its paradigms, not its findings - and this record's [7] makes the mirror-image objection to the REPORT-BASED literature. ONE PAPER OBJECTING TO BOTH SIDES ON THE SAME DIMENSION. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. critiques → the entire literature establishing the P3b as a marker, on the ground that all of it required reports differs in: THE AXIS IS WHETHER THE TASK REQUIRED A REPORT. 'While this particular neural activation pattern has been widely replicated and continues to be systematically put forth as a possible neural signature of consciousness, these prior studies always had parti[CIPANTS REPORT].' Replication is granted in full and then bounded by a design feature common to every replication - so the weight of the literature is not evidence against the objection, because the objection is about what they all share. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. P3b —distinct-from→ aware P3b aware strength of the relation: 1 · note: a robust P3b when the stimuli are reported and none whatsoever when the same stimuli are not Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. P3b —operationalised-as→ postperceptual P3b postperceptual strength of the relation: 1 · note: and the conclusion is stated as a comparison of tightness rather than as an identity Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the P3b is 'more tightly linked with carrying out reporting tasks'; operationalised-as postperceptual is loose. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. no-report —contrasted-with→ report no-report report strength of the relation: 1 · note: a robust P3b in one and none whatsoever in the other, with everything about the stimulus held identical Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. no-report —operationalised-as→ green circle no-report green circle strength of the relation: 1 · note: counted across a block and reported once at the end, so nothing is judged trial by trial Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the no-report condition used a green-circle counting task; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. masked —contrasted-with→ visible masked visible strength of the relation: 1 · note: validated by the reports themselves: nothing seen on 99.6 percent of heavily masked trials, the target seen on 98.2 percent of lightly masked ones Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. foil —part-of→ memory test foil memory test strength of the relation: 1 · note: and rejecting them is what separates recognition from a vague sense of familiarity Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but foils were part of the memory test design; the span implies it. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. repeated-measures ANOVA repeated-measures ANOVA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. paired-samples t-test paired-samples t-test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Bayes factor analysis Bayes factor analysis Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. nonparametric mass univariate permutation analysis nonparametric mass univariate permutation analysis Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. false discovery rate correction for multiple comparisons false discovery rate correction for multiple comparisons Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mean mean Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. repeated-measures ANOVA repeated-measures ANOVA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Bayes factor Bayes factor Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. paired-samples t test paired-samples t test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mass univariate mass univariate Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A robust P3b appeared in the report condition and no P3b at all in the no-report condition. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The predicted visibility-by-reporting-task interaction on P3b amplitude was confirmed, alongside main effects of both factors. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Bayesian analysis showed the null P3b result in the no-report condition was positive evidence for absence rather than insensitivity. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Experiment 2 closely replicated Experiment 1 while addressing remaining concerns about stimulus visibility in the no-report condition. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. High accuracy (78.5%) on a surprise word memory test suggests the unreported stimuli were perceived and encoded at an abstract conceptual level. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Early (70-300 ms) and late (600-1000 ms) visible-versus-invisible ERP differences survived in both conditions, so only the 300-600 ms window was report-dependent. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE MARKER TRACKS THE READOUT: a robust P3b when observers reported their experience and none whatsoever when they did not Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. and the same pattern held in a second experiment with the masks removed entirely Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the pattern is widely replicated and put forward as a signature of consciousness, but all of those studies had participants report their experiences WHOSE RESULT THIS IS: prior studies always had participants report - THE SUBJECT OF THIS RESULT IS AN INDEFINITE STUDY, NOT THIS PAPER. 'Previous studies reported', 'studies in guinea pig showed', 'recent studies have reported' - somebody else's work under a common noun rather than a name, with a citation in the sentence and no first-person marker. The quote is verbatim and the claim is true; only the attribution is wrong. FOUND BY MEASURING MY OWN CUE'S RECALL: the first sweep required a NAMED author as the subject ('Sperling (1960) demonstrated') and found 17. Reading eleven citation-bearing findings on 'Plakke2016' by hand showed four the cue could not see - 'A study examining recognition found', 'studies of typical human subjects have demonstrated', 'A follow up study found' - so the named cue's 17 was a floor and not a count. A CUE'S FALSE POSITIVES TELL YOU NOTHING ABOUT ITS FALSE NEGATIVES, and the only way to find these was to read a record's whole layer. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the confound is stated structurally: when a stimulus is not perceived no judgement can be made, so the aware condition contains extra steps by construction Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the report condition closely replicated the sequence reported by the study being argued against, and then it vanished under the same stimuli and visibility manipulation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. early components were present in both conditions and the divergence was late Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the interaction between visibility and reporting task was the largest effect in the analysis Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE NULL WAS ARGUED FOR RATHER THAN ASSUMED, with the report condition's own effect supplying the prior Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. and a second Bayesian test set a minimum effect of interest eight times smaller, returning the same answer Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. a data-driven sweep across every electrode and timepoint was run beside the preregistered test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. and everything found that way is labelled exploratory, after the planned analysis is reported Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. design, analysis windows and electrode pool were preregistered before data collection Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. with the window and electrode pool taken from the published literature on the component Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. a stopping rule fixed collection at twenty non-excluded participants Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. with five exclusion criteria stated in advance, including one that excluded nobody Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the share of trials removed for blinks and eye movements did not differ significantly between conditions Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. stimulus groups were counterbalanced across participants so no image was tied to a condition Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. equal numbers of stimulus and blank trials in each masking condition allowed the mask's own response to be subtracted Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. all stimulus parameters were identical across conditions, with only the instructed task changing Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. masking was validated by the reports themselves - nothing seen on 99.6 percent of heavily masked trials Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AND BY AN INCIDENTAL MEMORY TEST FOLLOWING THE NO-REPORT CONDITION: yes responses 3.8% of the time for stimuli that were masked and 3.1% of the time for foil stimuli Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. BOTH DIRECTIONS OF ERROR IN THAT CHECK ARE NAMED: repeating each stimulus may overestimate awareness, showing each once would underestimate it, and neither design is free Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. and no metacognitive confidence was collected, though foils allowed response bias to be assessed Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the second experiment was built against named objections - whether the stimuli were really seen, and whether memory could reflect an iconic trace or mere familiarity Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. WITH WHAT EACH OUTCOME WOULD LICENSE STATED IN ADVANCE for the conceptual memory test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. word memory accuracy was high (78.5%), suggesting the task-irrelevant stimuli were encoded at an abstract conceptual level Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. with foils rejected in both tests, separating recognition from a vague sense of familiarity Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. in the no-report condition, P3b-ROI voltage did not differ between stimuli and blanks Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. SOMETHING SURVIVES THE MANIPULATION: differences from about 600 to 800 ms appeared in both conditions, distinct from the P3b Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. so differences at 300 to 600 ms depend on the reporting task while earlier and later ones do not Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the study is stated not to have been designed to isolate any remaining signature Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. and the masking is acknowledged to be severe enough to overestimate the seen-against-unseen difference Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE SCOPE IS FENCED: the result is stated not to disprove the theories that proposed the marker Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. frontoparietal activation might be present and simply invisible to this method Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. and the other proposed signatures are explicitly left standing, named as the next thing to test the same way Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. while one long-standing prediction of global workspace theory is said to be challenged directly Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. three separate reasons are given that the stimuli were seen without being reported Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the standing worry about spontaneous postperceptual processing is named, and answered by noting it would only matter had a P3b been found Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. earlier no-report studies are described as having used nonstandard awareness manipulations or passive viewing Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. and the P3b was chosen because it is the largest and most replicable piece of neural evidence cited by cognitive theories Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. P3b event-related potential P3b event-related potential Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. no-report paradigm no-report paradigm Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. sandwich masking sandwich masking Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. no-report no-report Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. postperceptual postperceptual Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. P3b P3b Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. memory test memory test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. stimulus presence stimulus presence Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. P3b P3b Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. task task Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. visible visible Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. memory test memory test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. stimulus visibility stimulus visibility Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. reporting task reporting task Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. F (1,19) = 151.13, p < 0.001 — the visibility-by-reporting-task interaction on P3b amplitude in experiment 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. BF(10) of 0.001 — Bayes factor for the no-report P3b against a half-t prior derived from the report condition, i.e. strong support for the null Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 99.6% (SD = 0.5%) — proportion of heavily masked animal/object trials on which participants reported seeing nothing, validating invisibility Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 17.4% — average share of trials discarded for EEG artifacts in experiment 1, leaving about 180 trials per condition Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 20 — preregistered final sample size of experiment 1, reached after exclusions from 33 tested participants Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 99.6% — trials on which heavily masked stimuli were reported as nothing - the validation of invisibility Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 86.3% — yes responses to visible stimuli on the surprise memory test after the no-report blocks, against 3.1 percent for foils Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 69.4% — yes responses to words naming task-irrelevant stimuli, the evidence that meaning was encoded without any report Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. BF(10)] of 0.001 — Bayes factor for the absence of a P3b in the no-report condition, against a prior taken from the report condition Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. F (1,19) = 151.13 — the interaction between visibility and reporting task, larger than either main effect Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 300 and 600 ms — the preregistered P3b window, fixed in advance from the published literature Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0120-20.2020.