Auditory Thalamocortical Synaptic Transmission In Vitro

Auditory Thalamocortical Synaptic Transmission In Vitro Cruikshank Rose Metherate

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Auditory Thalamocortical Synaptic Transmission In Vitro 2002 Journal of Neurophysiology 10.1152/jn.00549.2001 Cruikshank2002-auditory-thalamocortical-synaptic-transmissi Cruikshank2002-auditory-thalamocortical-synaptic-transmissi.txt, the project's staged copy 9138ba54e36ec737aa320fb26a7b3340d8e02dbe not-redistributable neuroscience

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them method Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. auditory thalamocortical synaptic transmission Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. electrophysiology electrophysiology Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Thalamic glutamatergic axons excite cortical inhibitory interneurons, which then synapse on the recorded cell, producing the disynaptic fast IPSP Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Antidromic activation of layer 5 corticotectal cells whose axons cross the shell stimulation site, feeding back through their intracortical collaterals to generate the layer 1 sink status: the paper's own words: it is possible that Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The alternative explanation for the shell slice layer 1 sink (antidromically activated layer 5 corticotectal cells) cannot be excluded what this limits: the layer 1 sink interpretation: IT DOES NOT PROVE THAT THIS HYPOTHETICAL MODE OF ACTIVATION ACTUALLY OCCURS OR THAT DIRECT INPUT FROM THE NONPRIMARY AUDITORY THALAMUS HAD NO ROLE Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Because of that unresolved alternative, the authors advise caution in using the shell preparation what this limits: any use of the shell preparation while the alternative is unresolved: THUS AT PRESENT IT SHOULD BE USED WITH CAUTION Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The pharmacological design cannot isolate the AMPA/KA contribution, since APV was never given alone what this limits: any AMPA/KA conclusion from the pharmacology: THIS SUBTRACTIVE LOGIC CANNOT BE USED TO IMPLICATE AMPA/KA RECEPTORS BECAUSE APV WAS NEVER APPLIED BY ITSELF Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The synaptic order of the early response is unresolved what this limits: the synaptic order of the early response: EXACTLY HOW MANY LINKS ARE INVOLVED IN THE EARLY RESPONSE REMAINS TO BE DETERMINED Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A measured quantity is stated not to be comparable across studies, because its visibility depends on method and criteria. what this limits: any comparison of IPSP amplitudes between this study and another: the authors state Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The conventional stimulation method is stated to be possibly unreliable for the purpose it is used for. what this limits: any result attributing a response to thalamocortical input on the basis of columnar stimulation: the authors state their MG-evoked profiles differ from those produced by conventional columnar stimulation, which may not be a reliable means of selectively activating thalamocortical inputs Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Two stimulation sites are reported not to activate the same synapses, with different laminar profiles. what this limits: any treatment of on-beam and MG stimulation as interchangeable probes: they are stated not to activate the same sets of synapses in cortex, and to evoke different laminar profiles Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The AMPA/KA conclusion is conditional on an assumption the authors state is difficult to prove. what this limits: the claim that AMPA/KA receptors mediate transmission at these synapses: it follows if one assumes the fast EPSP in the middle layers is a monosynaptic event, and the authors state it is difficult to prove that a response is monosynaptic Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Whether the preparation's evoked activation resembles the intact system is stated to be undetermined. what this limits: any inference from these evoked responses to sound-driven cortical activity: the authors state it remains to be determined whether the activation produced by MG stimulation represents a natural pattern similar to that produced by acoustic stimulation in vivo Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Inhibition may be incompletely developed at the age used, indicated by the marker staining in this material. what this limits: any absolute inhibitory strength taken from these recordings: cortical inhibitory systems are known not to be fully developed in juvenile rodents, and the modest cortical PV labeling observed here is stated to indicate it Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. on-beam and MG-evoked IPSPs compared DIRECTLY WITHIN THE SAME SLICES rather than across the preparation eliminates: preparation-dependent differences - slice health, cutting angle, anything that varies between preparations and would otherwise be read as a difference between the two pathways · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. a re-analysis restricted to the SEVEN CELLS in which MG-evoked EPSPs were at least as strong as on-beam EPSPs eliminates: weaker MG excitation as the explanation of weaker MG inhibition - if the thalamic pathway simply drove the slice less hard, smaller IPSPs would follow with no difference in inhibition itself · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. columnar stimulation columnar stimulation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. thalamocortical inputs thalamocortical inputs Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. MG stimuli MG stimuli Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. on-beam stimuli on-beam stimuli Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. IPSPs IPSPs Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. excitatory thalamic projections excitatory thalamic projections Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cortical inhibitory interneurons cortical inhibitory interneurons Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. an IPSP amplitude, across papers - NOT A COMPARABLE QUANTITY: whether an IPSP can be observed at all, and how large it is, depends heavily on methodology and criteria, so the same named measurement in two studies is two measurements and the authors state the comparison is difficult Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. columnar (on-beam) stimulation - NOT A SELECTIVE THALAMOCORTICAL PROBE: it is used to activate thalamocortical inputs, and the authors state it may not be a reliable means of doing so selectively, because MG and on-beam stimuli do not activate the same sets of synapses Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the AMPA/KA finding - HELD UP BY AN ASSUMPTION, NOT A CONTROL: the subtractive logic could not be used because APV was never applied alone, so the conclusion follows only if the fast EPSP is a monosynaptic event, which the authors state is difficult to prove Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the early IPSPs - CORTICAL IN ROUTE, INFERRED FROM A BLOCKER RATHER THAN FROM THE RESPONSE: a direct inhibitory thalamic projection is ruled out because an AMPA/KA antagonist blocked them, and the remaining account is that excitatory thalamic projections drove cortical interneurons which then synapsed on the recorded cells; the paper states this as likely, not as shown Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → Agmon and Connors (1991) somatosensory thalamocortical slice preparation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extends → Metherate and Cruikshank (1999), the authors' own initial feasibility study in rat and mouse slices Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → Barth and MacDonald (1996) finding that nonlemniscal stimulation evokes cortical gamma band activity Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. MG stimuli —contrasted-with→ on-beam stimuli MG stimuli on-beam stimuli differs in: which synapses they activate, and the laminar profile they evoke · strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cortical inhibitory interneurons —causes→ IPSPs cortical inhibitory interneurons IPSPs direction on the measure: increases · strength of the relation: 0.8 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. t-test t-test about this quote: DAMAGED GLYPHS IN THIS QUOTE: (cid:6). These are raw PDF font glyph indices that leaked out in place of the characters they stand for - usually a mathematical operator. The quote is verbatim to the staged text and its anchor is sound; the STAGED TEXT is what is damaged. NOT repaired: the cid-to-character mapping is defined by the font embedded in that particular PDF, so guessing it would produce a clean and unverifiable quote. Repair needs the source PDF and is a re-staging job. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. t-test t-test about this quote: DAMAGED GLYPHS IN THIS QUOTE: (cid:2), (cid:6), (cid:9). These are raw PDF font glyph indices that leaked out in place of the characters they stand for - usually a mathematical operator. The quote is verbatim to the staged text and its anchor is sound; the STAGED TEXT is what is damaged. NOT repaired: the cid-to-character mapping is defined by the font embedded in that particular PDF, so guessing it would produce a clean and unverifiable quote. Repair needs the source PDF and is a re-staging job. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mean mean about this quote: DAMAGED GLYPHS IN THIS QUOTE: (cid:10), (cid:3), (cid:4), (cid:9). These are raw PDF font glyph indices that leaked out in place of the characters they stand for - usually a mathematical operator. The quote is verbatim to the staged text and its anchor is sound; the STAGED TEXT is what is damaged. NOT repaired: the cid-to-character mapping is defined by the font embedded in that particular PDF, so guessing it would produce a clean and unverifiable quote. Repair needs the source PDF and is a re-staging job. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. An in vitro mouse brain preparation can preserve functionally intact thalamocortical connections from the MGv to auditory cortex. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Auditory thalamocortical transmission is carried by both AMPA/kainate and NMDA glutamate receptors. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Every primary slice analysed showed a dominant current sink in cortical layers 3-4 after medial geniculate stimulation. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Thalamus-evoked responses differ from those of conventional columnar stimulation, indicating columnar stimulation may not reliably activate thalamocortical inputs selectively. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A second 'shell' slice is presented in which subcortical stimulation appears to selectively activate synapses in superficial layer 1 of temporal cortex. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Tracing confirmed that layer 5 corticotectal axons pass through the shell stimulation region on their way to the inferior colliculus. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. on-beam stimulation on-beam stimulation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. early response early response Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. late responses late responses Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. primary slice primary slice Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. shell slice shell slice Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. stimulus intensity stimulus intensity about this quote: DAMAGED GLYPHS IN THIS QUOTE: (cid:2), (cid:3), (cid:9). These are raw PDF font glyph indices that leaked out in place of the characters they stand for - usually a mathematical operator. The quote is verbatim to the staged text and its anchor is sound; the STAGED TEXT is what is damaged. NOT repaired: the cid-to-character mapping is defined by the font embedded in that particular PDF, so guessing it would produce a clean and unverifiable quote. Repair needs the source PDF and is a re-staging job. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. current source density current source density Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. amplitudes of the early responses amplitudes of the early responses Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 66 cells / 24 slices — number of intracellularly recorded layer 3-4 neurons and the number of primary slices they came from Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 4.0 ± 0.1 ms — mean onset latency of the intracellular early response, statistically indistinguishable from the middle-layer CSD sink latency about this quote: DAMAGED GLYPHS IN THIS QUOTE: (cid:3), (cid:9). These are raw PDF font glyph indices that leaked out in place of the characters they stand for - usually a mathematical operator. The quote is verbatim to the staged text and its anchor is sound; the STAGED TEXT is what is damaged. NOT repaired: the cid-to-character mapping is defined by the font embedded in that particular PDF, so guessing it would produce a clean and unverifiable quote. Repair needs the source PDF and is a re-staging job. · value source note: The value is written with the paper's own symbol (±). Our copy of the text prints it as '(cid:9)' ('4.0 (cid:9) 0.1 ms'), because the PDF's text layer maps its maths characters to the wrong codes. The value is read from the PDF, page 8. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 16/16 — proportion of histologically checked primary slices whose top contained at least part of the ventral medial geniculate Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 15/20 — fraction of tested cells that displayed an inhibitory postsynaptic potential following the initial EPSP Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 6.0 ± 0.2 ms — mean onset latency of the shell-slice layer 1 surface sink, longer than the infragranular sink latency about this quote: DAMAGED GLYPHS IN THIS QUOTE: (cid:6), (cid:9). These are raw PDF font glyph indices that leaked out in place of the characters they stand for - usually a mathematical operator. The quote is verbatim to the staged text and its anchor is sound; the STAGED TEXT is what is damaged. NOT repaired: the cid-to-character mapping is defined by the font embedded in that particular PDF, so guessing it would produce a clean and unverifiable quote. Repair needs the source PDF and is a re-staging job. · value source note: The value is written with the paper's own symbol (±). Our copy of the text prints it as '(cid:9)' ('6.0 (cid:9) 0.2 ms'), because the PDF's text layer maps its maths characters to the wrong codes. The value is read from the PDF, page 15. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 22 — number of primary slices with laminar CSD analysis, all of which showed a dominant middle-layer sink Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

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