Memory

Memory Eichenbaum

Tag layer of the DHSS Meta-Tagging Project. The article text is reproduced from the staged copy named in sourceDesc and is not altered; the tags are held separately in standOff so that overlapping and nested spans are preserved.

Memory 2008 Scholarpedia 10.4249/scholarpedia.1747 Eichenbaum2008-memory Eichenbaum2008-memory.txt, the project's staged copy 19312063f1d9341f3526d89ac0051d6c9c772310 not-redistributable neuroscience

the paper's own words

the tag layer; a sentence written by the tagger about the paper, always anchored to a quotation but not itself a quotation

0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them The forms memory takes, the brain systems that support each, and the synaptic mechanisms common to all of them. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. existence Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. review review Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Coincident excitatory input and depolarization at NMDA receptors admits Ca++, triggering a cAMP-CREB-immediate-early-gene-protein-synthesis cascade that structurally fixes the synaptic change Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Repeated two-way medial-temporal-cortical interactions (including replay) progressively reorganize connections among cortical representations, consolidating episodes and semantic knowledge into permanent storage Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Emotional arousal releases glucocorticoids and engages adrenergic mechanisms through the amygdala, which modulates the strength of memory fixation in other memory systems Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The medial temporal lobe converts short-term into long-term memory without being the permanent store, which is why H.M. lost new memories and kept old ones Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Declarative memory works by binding items to each other, to their context and to neighbouring events, which is what makes it relational Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. False memory is a failure of that same relational machinery rather than a separate defect - the network returns relations that never occurred Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Long-term potentiation runs through a molecular cascade ending in protein synthesis, and blocking any step blocks permanent memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The timing of that blockade separates the two kinds of memory: it stops permanent fixation and leaves initial learning and short-term memory intact Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Potentiation and depression share a molecular substrate and differ only in the timing rules of synaptic activity Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The foundational evidence for the whole framework rests on a single surgical patient what this limits: the empirical base of the whole systems framework: it begins with THE STUDY OF A PATIENT KNOWN BY HIS INITIALS H.M. - a single surgical case Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The systems are described as distinct while also interacting and storing the same event separately, so the boundaries are functional rather than sharp what this limits: any claim that the memory systems are separable: THE PROCEDURAL AND EMOTIONAL MEMORY SYSTEMS CAN STORE AND DISTINCTLY EXPRESS DIFFERENT FORMS OF MEMORY EVEN FOR THE SAME EVENT - distinct and simultaneously overlapping Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Implicit memory is characterised as a variety of systems rather than one, so the category is defined by what it is not what this limits: the category implicit memory itself: THESE VARIOUS FORMS OF IMPLICIT MEMORY ARE SUPPORTED BY A VARIETY OF MEMORY SYSTEMS - it is not one system but the residue left when declarative memory is removed Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. long-term potentiation long-term potentiation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. associative memory associative memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. memory - divided by DURATION: whether it lasts a short or a long period Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. memory - divided by EXPRESSION: explicit conscious remembering versus implicit change in speed or bias Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. memory - divided by CONTENT: unique experiences versus accumulated knowledge, the episodic/semantic axis Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. short-term memory - as working memory: explicitly a form of DECLARATIVE memory, held in consciousness Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. implicit memory - as a family of LONG-term systems: procedural, emotional and priming, each with its own pathway Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. recognition - familiarity versus recollection: two capacities of one cortical-hippocampal system Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. claim_type: existence a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: existence — note: a second reading reaching the same value from a different sentence. Not applied - a person decides. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. phenomenon: memory a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: memory — note: a second reading reaching the same value from a different sentence. Not applied - a person decides. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extends → Scoville and Milner's report of patient H.M. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. supports → Schacter's characterisation of implicit memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extends → Eichenbaum and Cohen's multiple-memory-systems framework Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. working memory —is-a→ declarative memory working memory declarative memory strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. procedural memory —is-a→ implicit memory procedural memory implicit memory strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. declarative memory —distinct-from→ implicit memory declarative memory implicit memory strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. medial temporal lobe —causes→ memory consolidation medial temporal lobe memory consolidation strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'converting a short-term memory to a long-term, permanent memory store', not 'memory consolidation'. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. hippocampus —part-of→ medial temporal lobe hippocampus medial temporal lobe strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. relational memory processing —causes→ false memory relational memory processing false memory strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but endpoint by anaphora: 'relational processing' = relational memory processing (previous sentence). Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. long-term potentiation —part-of→ Hebbian synapse long-term potentiation Hebbian synapse strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but LTP is INDUCED AT the Hebbian synapse; part-of is loose. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. long term depression —contrasted-with→ long-term potentiation long term depression long-term potentiation strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. habituation —part-of→ multiple memory systems habituation multiple memory systems strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but habituation is named among the elementary FORMS of memory; part-of 'multiple memory systems' is loose. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. familiarity —distinct-from→ recollection familiarity recollection strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. episodic memory —is-a→ associative memory episodic memory associative memory strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: REPLACES concept_edges[1], which typed episodic memory as a kind of DECLARATIVE memory. That is true of the field and this paper does not say it: the only sentence in the staged body placing episodic memory under a superclass places it under ASSOCIATIVE memory. The old edge is withdrawn, not corrected in place, because its 'to' was wrong rather than its quote. NO 'relation'/relation evidence ON THIS EDGE, DELIBERATELY: the sentence's class cue is 'the most complex forms of associative memory', and the gate's is-a cue list holds 'a form of' but not 'forms of'. That is an earlier note of ours exactly - the cue vocabulary lacks the plural of a form it already accepts - and I am not editing the cue lists, which have two named amenders. The edge therefore joins the 92% that carry a span and no marked clause. Add the clause when the vocabulary is widened. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Across all its varieties, memory is claimed to reduce to changes in synaptic connections inside the circuits of each memory system. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Blocking the molecular cascade only works within minutes of learning, which shows the cascade is needed for permanent fixation but not for initial or short-term memory. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Episodic memory is the form most prominently impaired by aging, even though all types of learning capacity decline somewhat. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Age-related memory loss is attributed to fewer synaptic connections and weakened neuromodulation rather than to neuronal death. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. False memory is characterised as a failure of relational processing that retrieves relations which never occurred but are supported by the relational network. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. H.M. could not remember new information, yet kept considerable memories from childhood up to a few years before his surgery. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. blocking the molecular cascade prevents permanent memory while leaving initial learning and short-term memory intact Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. amnesic patients impaired in declarative memory typically retain implicit memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. potentiation and depression occur in every structure known to take part in memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. memory memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. multiple memory systems multiple memory systems Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. learning learning Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. declarative memory declarative memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. working memory working memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. episodic memory episodic memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. semantic memory semantic memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. implicit memory implicit memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. priming priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. procedural memory procedural memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. memory consolidation memory consolidation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. relational memory processing relational memory processing Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. long-term potentiation (LTP) long-term potentiation (LTP) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. long term depression (LTD) long term depression (LTD) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. flashbulb memories flashbulb memories Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. declarative memory declarative memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. implicit memory implicit memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. episodic memory episodic memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. working memory working memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. procedural memory procedural memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. long-term potentiation long-term potentiation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. memory consolidation memory consolidation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. learning learning Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.1747.