Changes in statistical learning across development

Changes in statistical learning across development Forest Schlichting Duncan Finn

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Changes in statistical learning across development 2023 Nature Reviews Psychology 10.1038/s44159-023-00157-0 Forest2023-changes-in-statistical-learning-across-devel Forest2023-changes-in-statistical-learning-across-devel.txt, the project's staged copy d81549b48d3b2a3661ad97c1c351e1784dcbfb9b not-redistributable psychology

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them prediction Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. development of statistical learning Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. review review Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms faster forgetting in infancy strips away the idiosyncratic details of individual experiences, so what accumulates is a general, fuzzy representation of the commonalities Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms immature selective attention leaves children unable to filter their input, which widens the pool of structure available for statistical learning Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms attention gates statistical learning in adults, so a narrower adult attentional focus means less input is eligible to be learned at any moment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms children's distributed attention makes them sample many structures at once, trading speed of learning any single structure for knowledge of relationships between structures Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms the early-maturing monosynaptic hippocampal pathway extracts regularities across many similar experiences and therefore yields fuzzy rather than specific representations Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms prior knowledge blocks learning of conflicting structure, so accumulated experience narrows what a learner can pick up Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The paper's proposed developmental account is speculative and not yet tested. what this limits: the developmental account offered in the discussion: IT IS LARGELY SPECULATIVE AND REMAINS TO BE TESTED Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The developmental neuroimaging base is too thin to support conclusions about shifting neural substrates. what this limits: any claim about shifting neural substrates: A CONFIDENT APPRAISAL OF POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENTAL SHIFTS IN THE NEURAL STRUCTURES THAT ARE INVOLVED IN STATISTICAL LEARNING CANNOT BE MADE FROM JUST TWO STUDIES Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The developmental timelines invoked come from animal histology and general memory research, not from human statistical-learning data. what this limits: the developmental timelines the argument uses: MUCH OF THE DATA ON THESE EXACT TIMELINES COME FROM HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES IN ANIMALS AND BEHAVIOURAL HUMAN MEMORY DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, SO THESE POSSIBILITIES FOR STATISTICAL LEARNING REQUIRE CONFIRMATION IN HUMAN INFANTS Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The review adopts one of two competing conceptualizations of its subject and says which it rejects. what this limits: any finding reported in this review: the authors reject the conceptualization of statistical learning as a singular and inherently implicit system in favour of a set of learning processes, some of which can result in conscious access to learning Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A category boundary is drawn by how the excluded thing is typically assessed. what this limits: the scope of statistical learning as used here: motor-based skill learning, such as serial reaction time tasks, is excluded because it is typically assessed in tasks that provide external feedback, so the boundary follows the assessment method rather than the phenomenon Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The quantity being compared across ages may itself differ by age. what this limits: any developmental comparison of statistical learning: the authors state it Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. statistical learning statistical learning Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. skill learning skill learning Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. serial reaction time tasks serial reaction time tasks Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. external feedback external feedback Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. implicit learning implicit learning Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. statistical learning - STIPULATED IN A BOX, WITH AN ADDED REQUIREMENT: defined as the learning of structure from repeated exposure to environmental statistics, with the further requirement that learning occur without reinforcement or external feedback - so the absence of feedback is part of the definition rather than a feature of the phenomenon Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. statistical learning - A SET OF PROCESSES, NOT A SINGLE IMPLICIT SYSTEM: the review names the rival conceptualization - a singular and inherently implicit learning system - and takes the other, under which some of the processes can result in conscious access; whether the term denotes one thing or several decides whether results from different tasks can be pooled Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the exclusion of skill learning - A BOUNDARY MADE OF AN ASSAY: motor-based skill learning is put outside the category because it is TYPICALLY ASSESSED in tasks that provide external feedback, so the same phenomenon assessed without feedback would fall inside, and the hedge 'typically' is the authors' own Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → previous work arguing that children's advantage in language learning stems from their ongoing cognitive development (refs 16, 171, 172) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → definitions treating statistical learning as a singular, inherently implicit learning system (ref 185) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. skill learning —distinct-from→ statistical learning skill learning statistical learning strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. serial reaction time tasks —is-a→ skill learning serial reaction time tasks skill learning strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Indirect measures suggest statistical learning changes little or not at all with development. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Direct measures, by contrast, suggest developmental change in statistical learning ability. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. In children aged 5 to 12, visual but not aural-syllable statistical learning improved with age. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The review's central synthesis is that the format of what is learned changes with age, from fuzzy in infancy to specific in early childhood to broad-plus-specific later. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Sensory cortices and often the basal ganglia are conspicuously missing from the regions underpinning statistical learning in infancy and childhood. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The developmental neuroimaging evidence base is extremely thin, resting on a single infant functional imaging study. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The review finds different developmental trajectories: non-linguistic auditory and visual statistical learning improve across childhood while learning of aurally presented syllables does not. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. statistical learning statistical learning Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. fuzzy representations fuzzy representations Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. broad representations broad representations Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. neural entrainment neural entrainment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. indirect measures of statistical learning indirect measures of statistical learning Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 0–24 months / 2–7 years / 7–10 years / 18–35 years — the four developmental brackets the review uses to organize the literature Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. one of four — how many developmental statistical learning studies found basal ganglia involvement Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 18–24 months — estimated age at which the trisynaptic hippocampal pathway supporting specific memories emerges in humans Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 5–7 vs 8–9 years — the age split at which children move from remembering only specific transitions to remembering both broad groups and specific transitions Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 8-month-old — age at which infants were shown to represent statistical input as chunks rather than as specific transitional probabilities Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

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