<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title>A reflection on the use of artificial intelligence tools for the meaningful learning of mathematics</title>
        <author>Govender</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <p>Tag layer of the DHSS Meta-Tagging Project. The article text is reproduced from the
           staged copy named in sourceDesc and is not altered; the tags are held separately in
           standOff so that overlapping and nested spans are preserved.</p>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <bibl>
          <title>A reflection on the use of artificial intelligence tools for the meaningful learning of mathematics</title>
          <date>2024</date>
          <publisher>Pythagoras</publisher>
          <idno type="DOI">10.4102/pythagoras.v45i1.831</idno>
          
          <idno type="record">Govender2024-a-reflection-on-the-use-of-artificial-intell</idno>
          <note type="staged-file">Govender2024-a-reflection-on-the-use-of-artificial-intell.txt, the project's staged copy</note>
          <note type="text-sha1">ce8b176d9a090746835bb399df3966be5c10b655</note>
          <note type="rights">not-redistributable</note>
        </bibl>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
    <profileDesc>
      <textClass><keywords><term>education</term></keywords></textClass>
      <particDesc>
        <person xml:id="paper"><p>the paper's own words</p></person>
        <person xml:id="tagger"><p>the tag layer; a sentence written by the tagger about the
          paper, always anchored to a quotation but not itself a quotation</p></person>
      </particDesc>
    </profileDesc>
    <revisionDesc>
      <change when="2026-10-06"
              who="build_paper_edition.py">0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them</change>
    </revisionDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <standOff>
    <spanGrp type="tags">
      <span xml:id="t0" type="claim_type" ana="#claim_type" resp="#paper">
        <label>prediction</label>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t1" type="phenomenon" ana="#phenomenon" resp="#paper">
        <label>AI tools in mathematics education</label>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t2" type="method" ana="#method" resp="#paper">
        <label>review</label>
        <term>review</term>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t3" type="mechanisms" ana="#mechanisms[0]" resp="#tagger">
        <label>mechanisms</label>
        <term>AI systems continuously re-tune problem difficulty to the individual student&#x27;s measured performance, holding each learner at a level of challenge that is neither too easy nor too hard, which is the route by which personalisation is claimed to produce deeper learning</term>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t4" type="mechanisms" ana="#mechanisms[1]" resp="#tagger">
        <label>mechanisms</label>
        <term>immediate machine feedback lets a learner detect and repair an error while the attempt is still active, so the correct concept is reinforced instead of the mistake being consolidated</term>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t5" type="limitations" ana="#limitations[0]" resp="#tagger" cert="1.0">
        <label>The subject is introduced by equating three different things - a field, a capability and a class of model - in the editorial&#x27;s first sentence.</label>
        <note>what this limits: any claim in this editorial about &#x27;AI&#x27;: the opening sentence treats artificial intelligence, generative AI and large language models as the same thing, so a claim about one is written as a claim about all three</note>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t6" type="limitations" ana="#limitations[1]" resp="#tagger" cert="1.0">
        <label>The term the whole argument rests on is given only by what it exceeds, never by a criterion that would decide a case.</label>
        <note>what this limits: a judgement that some AI-supported activity produced meaningful learning: the term is defined here as going beyond rote memorisation and mechanical application, which says what it is not</note>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t7" type="limitations" ana="#limitations[2]" resp="#tagger" cert="1.0">
        <label>The editorial&#x27;s own caveat is that the technology may displace the teacher rather than assist them.</label>
        <note>what this limits: a recommendation to adopt these tools: the editorial names over-reliance as a concern that may lead to a diminished role for teachers, and states AI should complement rather than replace them</note>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t8" type="limitations" ana="#limitations[3]" resp="#tagger" cert="1.0">
        <label>Access to the technology is named as a precondition for any of the claimed benefits.</label>
        <note>what this limits: the benefits claimed here for mathematics learning: they are conditional on equitable access to the technology, which the editorial states is essential for any positive impact</note>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t9" type="concepts" ana="#concepts[0]" resp="#paper">
        <label>artificial intelligence</label>
        <term>artificial intelligence</term>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t10" type="concepts" ana="#concepts[1]" resp="#paper">
        <label>generative AI</label>
        <term>generative AI</term>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t11" type="concepts" ana="#concepts[2]" resp="#paper">
        <label>large language models</label>
        <term>large language models</term>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t12" type="concepts" ana="#concepts[3]" resp="#paper">
        <label>meaningful learning</label>
        <term>meaningful learning</term>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t13" type="concepts" ana="#concepts[4]" resp="#paper">
        <label>personalisation</label>
        <term>personalisation</term>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t14" type="senses" ana="#senses[0]" resp="#tagger" cert="1.0">
        <label>meaningful learning - DEFINED BY NEGATION: what it goes beyond (rote memorisation, mechanical application of algorithms) rather than by any property that would let a reader decide whether a given lesson achieved it</label>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t15" type="senses" ana="#senses[1]" resp="#tagger" cert="1.0">
        <label>artificial intelligence - AS THREE NAMES FOR ONE THING: the editorial&#x27;s opening sentence treats AI, generative AI and large language models as interchangeable, which is the conflation every later claim inherits</label>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t16" type="senses" ana="#senses[2]" resp="#tagger" cert="1.0">
        <label>personalisation - AS THE PROPOSED MECHANISM: customised learning paths tailored to each student&#x27;s strengths, weaknesses and pace, which is what the editorial means when it says AI supports meaningful learning</label>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t17" type="claim_relations" ana="#claim_relations[0]" resp="#tagger" cert="0.95">
        <label>qualifies → Grájeda et al. (2024)</label>
        <note>differs in: WHETHER THE TOOL BUILDS THE SKILL OR SUBSTITUTES FOR IT. &#x27;HOWEVER, THERE ARE CONCERNS THAT OVER-RELIANCE ON AI TOOLS SUCH AS CHATGPT MIGHT UNDERMINE STUDENTS&#x27; ABILITY TO DEVELOP THEIR OWN PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS.&#x27; The same capability that makes the tool useful for a task is what removes the occasion to learn the task - and note that wang2024&#x27;s students said this themselves, 22 of 48 unprompted, so it is reported here as a literature concern and there as a first-person one</note>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t18" type="claim_relations" ana="#claim_relations[1]" resp="#tagger" cert="0.9">
        <label>builds-on → Grájeda et al. (2024)</label>
        <note>differs in: WHAT THE SAME SOURCE IS CITED FOR. Grájeda et al. supplies BOTH the list of effective-teaching components - which includes &#x27;INCORPORATING TECHNOLOGY&#x27; - AND, two sentences later, the over-reliance concern. One citation carries the endorsement and the caution, and a reader following either citation alone gets half of what that source says</note>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t19" type="claim_relations" ana="#claim_relations[2]" resp="#tagger" cert="0.9">
        <label>builds-on → How &amp; Hung (2019)</label>
        <note>differs in: WHICH THREE THINGS ARE PUT IN ONE LIST. &#x27;the integration of AI into education also raises Quotation withheld&#x27; - an empirical question, a distributional one and a normative one, joined by &#x27;and&#x27; and answerable by entirely different kinds of evidence. The record&#x27;s own limitation already notes access being named as a precondition for any claimed benefit</note>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t20" type="claim_relations" ana="#claim_relations[3]" resp="#tagger" cert="0.95">
        <label>qualifies → Grájeda et al. (2024)</label>
        <note>differs in: WHETHER THE TOOL BUILDS THE SKILL OR SUBSTITUTES FOR IT. &#x27;HOWEVER, THERE ARE CONCERNS THAT OVER-RELIANCE ON AI TOOLS SUCH AS CHATGPT MIGHT UNDERMINE STUDENTS&#x27; ABILITY TO DEVELOP THEIR OWN PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS.&#x27; The same capability that makes the tool useful for a task is what removes the occasion to learn the task - and note that wang2024&#x27;s students said this themselves, 22 of 48 unprompted, so it is reported here as a literature concern and there as a first-person one</note>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t21" type="concept_edges" ana="#concept_edges[0]" resp="#tagger">
        <label>generative AI —same-as→ artificial intelligence</label>
        <term>generative AI</term>
        <term>artificial intelligence</term>
        <note>strength of the relation: 1</note>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t22" type="concept_edges" ana="#concept_edges[1]" resp="#tagger">
        <label>large language models —same-as→ artificial intelligence</label>
        <term>large language models</term>
        <term>artificial intelligence</term>
        <note>strength of the relation: 1</note>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t23" type="content_tags" ana="#content_tags.findings[0]" resp="#tagger">
        <label>The editorial holds that AI should complement rather than replace the teacher&#x27;s role in facilitating meaningful learning.</label>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t24" type="content_tags" ana="#content_tags.findings[1]" resp="#tagger">
        <label>It argues that leaning too heavily on tools such as ChatGPT may stunt students&#x27; development of their own problem-solving skills.</label>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t25" type="content_tags" ana="#content_tags.findings[2]" resp="#tagger">
        <label>It warns that unequal access to AI tools risks widening rather than narrowing educational inequality.</label>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t26" type="content_tags" ana="#content_tags.findings[3]" resp="#tagger">
        <label>It identifies student data collection by AI platforms as an unresolved ethical and privacy problem for schools.</label>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t27" type="content_tags" ana="#content_tags.definitions[0]" resp="#tagger">
        <label>meaningful learning in mathematics</label>
        <term>meaningful learning in mathematics</term>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t28" type="content_tags" ana="#content_tags.definitions[1]" resp="#tagger">
        <label>ChatGPT</label>
        <term>ChatGPT</term>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
      <span xml:id="t29" type="content_tags" ana="#content_tags.definitions[2]" resp="#tagger">
        <label>artificial intelligence (AI)</label>
        <term>artificial intelligence (AI)</term>
        <note type="quotation-withheld">Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.</note>
      </span>
    </spanGrp>
  </standOff>
  <text>
    <body>
      <p><note type="rights">The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is
      not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its
      grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.4102/pythagoras.v45i1.831.</note></p>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
