(cid:NN). The PDF this text was extracted from encodes 5 characters in a way that names no letter, so the extractor could not say what they were. The quotes keep them because a quote is reproduced exactly or it proves nothing — the marks are the source’s, not the tagging’s.standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
| transfer | transfers | a method or concept carried in from another field |
| unrecordable relation | unhoused_relations | a relation the paper asserts that this vocabulary cannot express, with the reason |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 4 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| claim_type | existence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | cognitive and noncognitive skills as determinants of labour-market and behavioural outcomes Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | observational-study Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: observational-study | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[2] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The paper does not estimate the separate channels (preferences, discount rate, human-capital productivity, market productivity) through which the abilities operate. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any mechanistic reading of the results: WE DO NOT ESTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS FOR EACH OF THE CHANNELS THROUGH WHICH COGNITIVE AND NONCOGNITIVE ABILITIES MIGHT OPERATE | limitations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | Collapsing noncognitive skill into a single latent factor is unlikely to capture all its aspects. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: every claim stated in terms of noncognitive skill: THERE ARE MANY ASPECTS ... SELF CONTROL, TIME PREFERENCE, SOCIABILITY ... IT IS LESS LIKELY THAT ONE TRAIT CAPTURES ALL ASPECTS - the construct is collapsed to one latent factor | limitations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | Support conditions for semiparametric identification are not met, so results rest on the parametric structure of the model. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: every estimate in the paper: THE EMPIRICAL RESULTS THAT WE GENERATE ARE IDENTIFIED FROM THE PARAMETRIC STRUCTURE OF THE MODEL - the support conditions for semiparametric identification are not met, so the answers come from the assumed form | limitations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The underlying theoretical model is static and ignores the timing of decisions. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any conclusion about sequencing or timing: OUR THEORETICAL MODEL IS STATIC AND DOES NOT CONSIDER THE TIMING OF DECISIONS | limitations[3] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The corroborating CNLSY79 data lack adult outcomes and have small samples. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the CNLSY79 corroboration only: MANY OF THE CHILDREN ARE STILL YOUNG AND WE LACK INFORMATION ON THEIR WAGES, OCCUPATIONAL STATUS AND EMPLOYMENT AT AGE 30 | limitations[4] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The noncognitive measures used (Rotter, Rosenberg) are narrower than would be ideal and are not linked to economic preference parameters. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the interpretation of the noncognitive measures: IT WOULD BE BETTER TO USE A WIDER ARRAY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS AND ... TO CONNECT THEM WITH MORE CONVENTIONAL MEASURES OF PREFERENCE PARAMETERS IN ECONOMICS | limitations[5] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The scale of the two latent abilities is not measured but set: two normalizations are stated to be required for identification, and they fix the scale of the factors. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the magnitude of a factor score as a quantity of ability: the paper states two normalizations are required for identification and that they set the scale of the factors | limitations[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The direction of the bias in the conventional estimates is stated to be unknown, because the problems push in different directions. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: treating an OLS estimate as a bound on the effect: the paper states the biases run in different directions so the sign of the difference from its own model cannot be predicted | limitations[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The measures used are declared imperfect: the attitude scales proxying noncognitive ability are affected by family background and are called at best imperfect measures of true ability. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any test score read as the ability itself: the paper states these scores are affected by family background and are at best imperfect measures of an individual's true abilities | limitations[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | What the construct covers is bounded by the instrument available in the survey, and the authors say a wider array of psychological measurement would have been better. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the noncognitive factor as the full space of noncognitive ability: the authors state a wider array of psychological measurements would ideally have been used | limitations[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The channels through which the abilities act are not separately estimated; the model is a linear-in-the-parameters approximation. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: attributing an effect to a particular channel: the paper states it does not estimate the relationships for each channel separately and that its model approximates the general one | limitations[10] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | An interchangeability the paper asserts in principle is explicitly deferred rather than shown. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the claim that test scores and behaviours are interchangeable proxies: the paper states this in principle and leaves the task for future work | limitations[11] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The disputed word in this literature is 'importance', and the paper's claim holds under one sense of it and reverses under another that the paper states in the same sentence: cognitive skills explain much more of the variance of log wages, while the skill gradients of the two abilities are similar. The paper marks its choice ('for the sense of importance adopted in this paper') rather than leaving it implied, which is what makes the reversal checkable at all. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[12] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | The authors take the latent-variable measurement models built in psychometrics and extend them so that a choice variable (schooling) and background variables can enter the measurement equations of an economic model. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[0] | the tagger's words | |
| transfers | two psychology instruments - the Rotter Locus of Control Scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale - are imported into labour economics to stand for noncognitive skill Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | cognitive skill is measured with five subtests of the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery, an instrument built for military selection and re-used as an economic variable Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | holding cognitive ability constant when comparing GED recipients with high school dropouts Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: cognitive ability as the explanation of any wage difference attributed to the credential - and with it removed, the difference reverses rather than shrinking · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held | controls[0] | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | noncognitive skills Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: noncognitive skills | concepts[0] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | cognitive skills Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cognitive skills | concepts[1] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | normalizations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: normalizations | concepts[2] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | measurement error Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: measurement error | concepts[3] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | ASVAB Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ASVAB | concepts[4] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | Rotter Locus of Control Scale Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Rotter Locus of Control Scale | concepts[5] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | coding speed Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: DAMAGED GLYPHS IN THIS QUOTE: (cid:48). These are raw PDF font glyph indices that leaked out in place of the characters they stand for - usually a mathematical operator. The quote is verbatim to the staged text and its anchor is sound; the STAGED TEXT is what is damaged. NOT repaired: the cid-to-character mapping is defined by the font embedded in that particular PDF, so guessing it would produce a clean and unverifiable quote. Repair needs the source PDF and is a re-staging job. also in: coding speed | concepts[6] | 0.9 | the paper's words |
| concepts | AFQT Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: AFQT | concepts[7] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | schooling Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: schooling | concepts[8] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| unhoused_relations | ability → schooling Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. THE TWO CANNOT BE SEPARATED IN THIS STUDY - the DESIGN form / It bounds what the paper's own results can mean, and it lives in a methods paragraph where nothing downstream will find it. The confound is between the paper's own explanatory variables, so it bounds every coefficient in the table it is attached to. | unhoused_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| senses | noncognitive skills - AS MEASURED: scores on attitude scales, which the paper calls at best imperfect measures of the individual's true ability Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | noncognitive skills - AS MODELLED: a latent factor whose scale is fixed by normalization rather than by measurement Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | Bayesian methods - used here for computation only, with the identification argument stated to be strictly classical and the priors asymptotically irrelevant Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | test score - a quantity that depends on schooling completed AT THE TIME OF THE TEST, so the measurement is not independent of the outcome being explained Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | importance - IN THE SENSE THIS PAPER ADOPTS: the size of the skill gradient, how much an outcome moves when a person is moved across the distribution of one ability. ON THE RIVAL MEASURE THE RANKING REVERSES AND THE PAPER SAYS SO IN THE SAME SENTENCE: cognitive skills 'explain much more of the variance of (log) wages', while by skill gradients the two are similar Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: PAGE FURNITURE IS SPLICED INTO THE 'evidence' QUOTE - the text of footnote 33 and a page number, between 'their effects on (log)' and 'wages (as measured'. The words on either side of it were never continuous on the page; read the quote with it deleted. | senses[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | importance - A THIRD SENSE THE PAPER NAMES AND EXPLICITLY DOES NOT CLAIM: equal strength in its own sense 'does not translate into equal cost of changing these skills', so the finding is silent on which ability is cheaper to change Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | contradicts → the "g" theory of Herrnstein and Murray (1994) and Jensen (1998) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | builds-on → Hansen, Heckman, and Mullen (2004) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | extends → the LISREL model of Jöreskog (1977) and the MIMIC model of Jöreskog and Goldberger (1975) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | replicates → Neal and Johnson (1996); Hansen, Heckman, and Mullen (2004); Heckman, Larenas, and Urzua (2004) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[3] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | contradicts → Herrnstein and Murray (1994) and Herrnstein and Wilson (1985) on cognitive ability and crime Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[4] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | contradicts → the single-skill signalling model of Arrow (1973) and Spence (1973) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[5] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | cognitive skills —operationalised-as→ ASVAB Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: Five subtests of a battery built to decide military eligibility - the paper says elsewhere that the AFQT composite 'is a general measure of trainability and a primary…'. An instrument designed for a selection decision is here the measure of the construct. also in: cognitive skills · ASVAB | concept_edges[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | noncognitive skills —operationalised-as→ Rotter Locus of Control Scale Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.85 · note: THE PAPER STATES ITS REASON FOR CHOOSING THEM AND IT IS NOT FITNESS: '…these measures because of their availability in the NLSY…' The construct carrying the paper's headline claim against Herrnstein and Murray is measured by a four-item abbreviated locus-of-control scale and a self-esteem scale, picked for what the survey happened to contain.
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'noncognitive measures', not 'noncognitive skills'. also in: noncognitive skills · Rotter Locus of Control Scale | concept_edges[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | cognitive skills —operationalised-as→ coding speed Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.8 · note: THE UNIT OF THE LATENT ABILITY IS SET BY WHICHEVER INDICATOR WAS GIVEN THE 1. The cognitive factor's loading is normalised to 1 on CODING SPEED (ASVAB 5) and the noncognitive factor's on the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, both 'for individuals in grades 9 to 11 at the time of the test' - so the scale is fixed by an indicator choice AND a schooling subgroup. The record already carries the existence of the normalisation; this names what the units are. NOTE THE HEADLINE COMPARISON DOES NOT DEPEND ON IT: the paper compares the two abilities by moving people between DECILES of each factor's own distribution, which is invariant to the scale. also in: cognitive skills · coding speed | concept_edges[2] | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | schooling —causes→ AFQT Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: THE PROXY IS CAUSED BY THE OUTCOME IT IS USED TO EXPLAIN: each additional year of schooling raises measured AFQT by 2 to 4 percentage points on average, and '…THIS CREATES A REVERSE CAUSALITY…' problem. The paper says flatly in its conclusion that schooling '…raises measured cognitive…' and noncognitive ability. Naming this is the reason the paper builds a latent-factor model instead of regressing on test scores. | concept_edges[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | ordinary least squares regression Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ordinary least squares regression | content_tags.statistics[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | probit / multinomial discrete choice models Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.statistics[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo estimation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.statistics[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | chi-squared test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: chi-squared test | content_tags.statistics[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | goodness-of-fit test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: goodness-of-fit test | content_tags.statistics[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | factor analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: factor analysis | content_tags.statistics[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: correlation | content_tags.statistics[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | standard error Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: standard error | content_tags.statistics[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | A low-dimensional vector of cognitive and noncognitive skills explains a variety of labor-market and behavioral outcomes. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | For many dimensions of social performance, cognitive and noncognitive skills are equally important. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Noncognitive skills shape schooling choices and additionally raise wages conditional on schooling. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Schooling raises measured test scores. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Male GED holders have a worse noncognitive ability distribution than dropouts. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Noncognitive rather than cognitive ability is what mainly explains differences in criminal participation. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The two latent skills carry different hedonic prices in the labor markets of different schooling levels. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Estimated returns to ability shrink when test scores are corrected for the schooling attained at test date, showing that endogenous test scores bias conventional OLS estimates upward. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | GED Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: GED | content_tags.definitions[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | AFQT Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: AFQT | content_tags.definitions[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | illegal activities Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: illegal activities | content_tags.definitions[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.definitions[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | risky behaviors Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: risky behaviors | content_tags.variables[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | cognitive skills Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cognitive skills | content_tags.variables[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | schooling level at the time of the test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.variables[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | gender Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: gender | content_tags.variables[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ethnicity dummies Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ethnicity dummies | content_tags.variables[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | cohort dummies Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cohort dummies | content_tags.variables[8] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | local labor market conditions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: local labor market conditions | content_tags.variables[9] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | region of residence dummies Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: region of residence dummies | content_tags.variables[10] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | work experience Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: work experience | content_tags.variables[11] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | choice of occupation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: choice of occupation | content_tags.variables[12] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | employment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: employment | content_tags.variables[13] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | schooling Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: schooling | content_tags.variables[14] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 9% — share of the variance of log wages explained by the cognitive ability measure when schooling is not controlled for Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 0.9% — share of the variance of log wages explained by the noncognitive measure for men Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 77% — proportion of the trace of the male cognitive test-score correlation matrix explained by a single factor Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 31% — proportion of the trace of the noncognitive correlation matrix explained by a single factor, much lower than for cognitive scores Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 2 to 4 percentage points — increase in measured AFQT score produced by each additional year of schooling Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 66% — share of the Perry Preschool treatment group graduating from high school by age 18 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 431.65 with 150 degrees of freedom — chi-squared statistic rejecting the null that schooling does not affect measured cognitive tests for males Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 116.53 with 40 degrees of freedom — chi-squared statistic rejecting the null that schooling does not affect the noncognitive measurement equations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[7] | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.