The effects of prime visibility on ERP measures of masked priming

The effects of prime visibility on ERP measures of masked priming Holcomb Reder Misra Grainger

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The effects of prime visibility on ERP measures of masked priming 2005 Brain research. Cognitive brain research 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.003 Holcomb2005-the-effects-of-prime-visibility-on-erp-measu Holcomb2005-the-effects-of-prime-visibility-on-erp-measu.txt, the project's staged copy 5f8fd0f4cb6763c7e13afce74f268567cd1a1336 not-redistributable neuroscience

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them existence Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. masked priming and the N400 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. electrophysiology electrophysiology Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Form information is extracted from the prime automatically while semantic extraction consumes capacity-limited attentional resources, so prime visibility gates semantic but not repetition priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Repetition priming works by pre-activating shared representations whereas semantic priming works by establishing post-target connections between related representations, the latter requiring attention Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms The N400 indexes a resonance process at a form–meaning interface in which prime-derived form or meaning information helps the lexical processor settle on one form–meaning association Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The 40 ms condition is acknowledged to be partly contaminated by trials on which the prime was consciously perceived. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Conscious leakage can never be fully eliminated by shortening prime duration. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The data do not show that the process the N400 reflects is itself exclusively automatic, only that it is sensitive to automatic priming. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The columnar analysis strategy multiplies the number of statistical comparisons. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. four participants were excluded, three for excessive artifact and one for experimenter error eliminates: that the averaged waveform is dominated by a few contaminated recordings · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. response hand was counterbalanced across participants eliminates: that a lateralised effect is a motor effect of the responding hand · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. repetition priming repetition priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. semantic priming semantic priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. prime visibility prime visibility Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. conscious leakage conscious leakage Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. N400 N400 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. pre-activation pre-activation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE DISSOCIATION IS MADE OF CORRELATIONS, NOT OF MEANS, AND THAT IS THE DESIGN. One measure (the N400), one design, two kinds of priming, and the question is whether each effect's size tracks how well the individual participant could see the prime: `unlike repetition priming in Experiment 1, for semantic priming in Experiment 2, visibility of primes at 40 ms ... predicted the N400 effect`. Individual differences are the instrument - a median split on d-prime - so the NULL in Experiment 1 is the informative half, not the weak one. It is also the paper's defence against its own worst confound: if repetition priming ran on conscious leakage, the participants who leaked more would prime more, and they do not Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE AUTOMATIC/CONTROLLED LINE MOVES OFF THE REPRESENTATION AND ONTO THE MECHANISM: `it is not the type of representation (form or meaning) that determines the automaticity of priming effects, but rather the type of mechanism utilized (pre-activation versus establishing connections).` The older account - form is automatic, meaning is not - would have to say the repetition effect is mostly form, and the authors call that assumption AD HOC in their own words rather than defending it. What replaces it is a distinction between raising the activation of a shared representation and building a link between two different ones, and only the second needs attention Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THEY NAME THE RESULT THAT WOULD REFUTE THEM, which almost nothing else in this corpus does: `finding evidence of N400 priming effects on masked targets would strengthen the case for the N400 being a direct reflection of automatic processing and would force those of us who have assumed that it reflects a post-lexical stage of comprehension to rethink our position.` A named observation, a design that would produce it (mask the target instead of the prime), and the authors' own position placed at risk by it. The corpus holds many predictions; this is a stated disconfirmer Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A SECOND, SHARPER TEST IS SPECIFIED WITH ITS DISCRIMINATING PREDICTION: translation equivalents in bilinguals (arbre-TREE). `Quotation withheld.` That separates the two accounts cleanly - a translation equivalent is semantically related but shares no form, so the form-versus-meaning account predicts it behaves like semantic priming while the pre-activation account predicts it behaves like repetition priming. The prediction is stated in the direction that would embarrass the authors' preferred story if it failed Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THIS IS THE STUDY THAT CONTROLLED WHAT Kiefer DID NOT, AND Kiefer2012 IS IN THIS CORPUS - tagged tonight, four records earlier. `Quotation withheld.` The go/no-go animal-probe task exists to hold attention on the prime epoch constant across durations, because otherwise a shorter prime is also a less-attended one and the two are confounded. So the corpus now holds Kiefer's gating account, this paper's methodological objection to the evidence for it, and both papers' own hedges Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → Brown and Hagoort Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → Deacon et al. and Kiefer et al. reports of unconscious masked semantic priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. replicates → Misra and Holcomb; Schnyer et al. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extends → Misra and Holcomb Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. repetition priming —contrasted-with→ semantic priming repetition priming semantic priming differs in: WHETHER THE EFFECT TRACKS HOW WELL THE PRIME WAS SEEN. Semantic priming correlates with prime visibility across participants; repetition priming does not. Same measure, same design, so the difference is in the priming and not in the instrument - and on the authors' account it is a difference of MECHANISM (pre-activation versus establishing connections) rather than of representation · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: THE PAPER'S CENTRAL RESULT. Grounded on the sentence that states BOTH arms so a reader cannot take half of it, and the conditional 'If we further hypothesize' is left in because the correlation is the finding while the resource account is the interpretation. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. prime visibility —causes→ semantic priming prime visibility semantic priming strength of the relation: 0.8 · note: WEIGHTED 0.8 AND 'causes' IS DOING MORE WORK THAN THE DATA DO. This is a CORRELATION ACROSS PARTICIPANTS - nothing was manipulated between the people who saw more and the people who saw less - and the paper's own words are 'likely played a role', which is in the quote. The vocabulary has no 'covaries-with', so the note carries what the type cannot. No effect direction: see the comment above this edge. Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but prime visibility 'LIKELY played a role' in semantic priming; causes is hedged. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. pre-activation —causes→ repetition priming pre-activation repetition priming direction on the measure: increases · strength of the relation: 0.8 · note: THE PROPOSED MECHANISM, AND THE HEDGES ARE THE FIRST WORDS OF THE QUOTE: 'One way to avoid…'. This is the authors' preferred account offered as an alternative to one they have just called ad hoc, not a result. Weight 0.8 for that reason - it is the lowest-evidenced row on this record and the most interesting one. Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says 'one way ... would be to argue' repetition priming is driven by pre-activation; causes is hedged. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ANOVA ANOVA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mixed-design ANOVA mixed-design ANOVA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. t-test t-test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. correlation correlation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. regression / coefficient of determination regression / coefficient of determination Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. d-prime (signal detection sensitivity) d-prime (signal detection sensitivity) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. median split median split Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Robust N400 repetition effects were found for targets preceded by very briefly displayed masked primes. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. For repetition priming, individual prime visibility was unrelated to the size of the N400 effect at the shortest prime duration, arguing against conscious leakage as its source. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. For semantic priming, by contrast, prime visibility at 40 ms did predict the size of the N400 effect. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Direct between-experiment comparison showed repetition priming produced a larger N400 effect than semantic priming. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. There was no clear evidence of a repetition effect on the post-N400 late positivity, unlike earlier unmasked studies. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The authors conclude that previously reported masked semantic priming effects were plausibly driven by conscious leakage on a subset of trials rather than by unconscious processing. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. masked priming masked priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. conscious leakage conscious leakage Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. prime duration prime duration Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. repetition repetition Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. relatedness relatedness Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mean target amplitude mean target amplitude Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. prime visibility prime visibility Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. prime–target SOA prime–target SOA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. n = 22 (18 analysed) — participants recruited for Experiment 1 (four later excluded) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 63% vs. an expected 23% — size of the 40 ms N400 repetition priming effect relative to the 120 ms effect, versus what conscious leakage alone predicts Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 42% vs. an expected 25% — same comparison for semantic priming in Experiment 2, where the gap was not significant Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. r 2 = 0.434, P = 0.006 — relationship between 40 ms prime visibility (d-prime) and the semantic N400 relatedness effect at Cz Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 18% — proportion of masked animal probes detected at 40 ms, the authors' estimate of conscious leakage Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ~1 µV (vs. ~4 µV previously) — difference in N400 repetition priming between masked and visible primes in this study compared with Misra and Holcomb Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.003.