Attention and Implicit Memory: Priming-Induced Benefits and Costs Have Distinct Attentional Requirements

Attention and Implicit Memory: Priming-Induced Benefits and Costs Have Distinct Attentional Requirements Keane Cruz Verfaellie

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Attention and Implicit Memory: Priming-Induced Benefits and Costs Have Distinct Attentional Requirements 2015 Memory & cognition 10.3758/s13421-014-0464-4 Keane2015-attention-and-implicit-memory-priming-induce Keane2015-attention-and-implicit-memory-priming-induce.txt, the project's staged copy 276b15da9bd736dca04454973d5ce2983d1a0e7e not-redistributable cognitive-psychology

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them existence Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. priming-induced performance costs and benefits in picture naming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. behavioural-experiment behavioural-experiment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms A lure picture activates the perceptually similar studied item as a competing incorrect response alongside the correct one, so naming requires selection among alternatives. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Because only the cost involves response competition at test, only the cost depends on attention at encoding, in line with the identification-production account. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The small amnesic sample forced a within-subject design in Experiment 2, unlike the between-subjects design of Experiment 1. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Amnesic participants' longer and more variable RTs complicate the between-group comparison, requiring z-score transformation. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. three FILLER PICTURES resembling none of the critical stimuli placed at the beginning and end of the study list eliminates: that memory for the critical items is inflated or depressed by primacy and recency · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. items counterbalanced across participants so each pair appeared equally often in the old, lure and new conditions eliminates: that a condition effect is an item effect - that the old, lure and new sets simply contain different pictures · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. which member of each pair became the target and which the mate was decided at random eliminates: that the target items are systematically more memorable than their mates · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. costs costs Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. benefits benefits Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. divided attention divided attention Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. response competition response competition Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. implicit memory implicit memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. PRIMING WITH THE SIGN REVERSED, and a field-level gap named in the abstract: the literature has focused EXCLUSIVELY on priming effects that are beneficial and has OVERLOOKED those that are costly, `wherein performance is harmed by prior exposure to task stimuli`. Nearly every other priming record in this corpus reports a facilitation. If `priming` is defined as an influence of prior exposure rather than as a benefit, then half the phenomenon has gone unstudied because of what the word suggests Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cost and benefit as a SYMMETRIC PAIR of operationalisations - both are response times against the same NEW baseline, in the same task, from the same study phase: benefit = faster to OLD than to new, cost = slower to LURE than to new. Because the two share a baseline and differ only in the relation between studied and test item (identical versus merely similar), a dissociation between them cannot be explained by task or by measure Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the amnesia control, and it is chosen for the ALTERNATIVE IT KILLS. Dividing attention damages explicit memory as well, so eliminating the cost that way leaves open that the cost was explicit all along. Amnesic participants have no explicit memory to lose and the costs are INTACT - so the Experiment 1 result cannot be an artifact of reduced explicit memory. A population used as a control condition rather than as a subject of study Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. attention required WHERE A SELECTION MUST BE MADE - the paper's account of why one effect needs attention and the other does not is not about strength or depth but about whether the test cue leaves a CHOICE. The lure activates a wrong response alongside the right one; the old item points at a single correct response. Offered as a suggestion (`We suggest`, `may be linked`), and weighted here as one Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → unitary-source accounts of priming costs and benefits (Rouder, Ratcliff & McKoon, 2000; Marsolek, 2008) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. replicates → Gabrieli et al. (1999) on divided attention not reducing the picture-naming priming benefit Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. replicates → Cave & Squire (1992) and Verfaellie et al. (1996) on normal picture-naming priming benefits in amnesia Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. costs —distinct-from→ benefits costs benefits differs in: WHETHER ATTENTION AT ENCODING IS REQUIRED - dividing attention eliminates the cost and leaves the benefit intact. Same task, same study phase, same participants, so the difference cannot be attributed to materials or measure · strength of the relation: 0.95 · note: THE RESULT. Two effects that a corpus would file under one word, separated by an experimental manipulation rather than by definition. Confidence 0.95 - this is the paper's own headline, stated in its abstract, not my reading of a discussion. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. divided attention —causes→ costs divided attention costs direction on the measure: eliminates · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: 'eliminated', not reduced - the paper's own word, and the vocabulary has the exact term for it. Experiment 2 is what licenses reading this as a fact about the cost rather than about explicit memory. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. response competition —causes→ costs response competition costs direction on the measure: increases · strength of the relation: 0.7 · note: Weight 0.7, the lowest here, and the paper's hedges are the reason: 'We suggest', 'may be linked', 'it is likely that'. The mechanism is an interpretation offered after the result, not something the experiments manipulated. Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the authors 'SUGGEST' the role of attention is linked to response competition; causes is hedged. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ANOVA ANOVA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. t-test t-test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. power analysis power analysis Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. effect size effect size Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. partial eta squared partial eta squared Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. standard deviation standard deviation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. z-score standardization z-score standardization Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Dividing attention at encoding wiped out the priming-induced cost in speeded picture naming while leaving the priming-induced benefit untouched. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Amnesic patients showed a normal performance cost despite explicit memory impairment comparable to that produced by divided attention. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Costs and benefits in this task therefore arise from at least two separable implicit-memory mechanisms with different attentional requirements. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The dissociation is a problem for existing unitary-source models of priming costs and benefits (decision-node weighting and superimpositional representation accounts). Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. priming priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. priming-induced performance cost priming-induced performance cost Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. performance benefit performance benefit Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. identification-production distinction identification-production distinction Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. attention at encoding (full vs. divided) attention at encoding (full vs. divided) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. study condition study condition Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mean RT mean RT Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. corrected recognition corrected recognition Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. age age Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. education education Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. WAIS-III Verbal IQ WAIS-III Verbal IQ Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. F (1, 106) = 82.44, p < .001 — overall priming benefit (old vs. new pictures) in Experiment 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. t (53) = 2.12, p = .02, d = .24 — the priming-induced cost, significant only under full attention (p = .12 under divided attention) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. F (1, 106) = 5.68, p = .019 — attention x study condition interaction showing the cost differed between full and divided attention Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 132 msec / 89 msec — size of the priming benefit under divided versus full attention (numerically larger under divided attention) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. t (22) = 5.09, p < .001, d = 2.16 — impairment of corrected recognition in the amnesic group relative to controls in Experiment 2 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. F (1, 24) = 4.22, p = .051 — the performance cost in Experiment 2, which did not differ between amnesic and control groups Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 54 — participants per attention group in the Experiment 1 implicit memory task Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 11 — amnesic participants tested in Experiment 2 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-014-0464-4.