Attentional Modulation of Unconscious ‘‘Automatic’’ Processes: Evidence from Event-related Potentials in a Masked Priming Paradigm

Attentional Modulation of Unconscious ‘‘Automatic’’ Processes: Evidence from Event-related Potentials in a Masked Priming Paradigm Kiefer Brendel

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Attentional Modulation of Unconscious ‘‘Automatic’’ Processes: Evidence from Event-related Potentials in a Masked Priming Paradigm Kiefernd-attentional-modulation-of-unconscious-automa Kiefernd-attentional-modulation-of-unconscious-automa.txt, the project's staged copy b37926ac091b8cd7be0343a9c3c94bd68da10925 not-redistributable neuroscience

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them mechanism Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. masked semantic priming (N400) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. electrophysiology electrophysiology Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Temporal attention amplifies the activation of the masked prime's stimulus representation, and this amplification is what allows an unconsciously perceived prime to trigger the automatic semantic process indexed by the N400 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Attentional amplification acts on conscious and unconscious stimuli alike, so attention and awareness are separable Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms A temporal window of attention opened around the predicted target boosts processing of primes falling close to it in time Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The cueing manipulation may have been too weak to fully disengage temporal attention from the prime, which could explain why behavioural priming was unaffected. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Some backward priming from target to prime cannot be entirely ruled out in Experiment 2. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. a CONTROL EXPERIMENT identical to Experiment 1 except that the cue stimulus was not task-relevant and did not direct attention eliminates: that the modulation follows from the cue's physical presence rather than from the attention it directs · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. filler trials at an intermediate cue-prime interval were included eliminates: that subjects learn the trial-length structure and prepare differently for short and long intervals · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. automatic processes automatic processes Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. temporal attention temporal attention Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. masked priming masked priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. N400 N400 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE DEFINITIONAL CLAIM IS QUOTED HERE VERBATIM AND THEN CONTRADICTED BY THE SAME PAPER. `Quotation withheld (Posner & Snyder, 1975).` If independence from attention is what makes a process automatic, and the process turns out not to be independent of attention, then either it is not automatic or the definition is wrong. The paper takes the second option and keeps the word - which is precisely the move this corpus exists to make visible, and it is made in an introduction without comment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE RESULT, AND `PREREQUISITE` IS A STRONGER WORD THAN `MODULATES`: `Quotation withheld` Not amplified, not enhanced - required. Without attention in the prime's time window there is no masked N400 priming at all. neely1977 built a design to separate the automatic component from the attentional one; this says the separation does not hold at the boundary Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AND THE CONTROL THAT MAKES IT INTERESTING IS ONE CLAUSE IN THE HYPOTHESIS: masked priming is amplified when attention is directed to the stimulus stream in the prime's time window, `even in the absence of any prime awareness.` Attention moves; awareness stays at zero. Without that clause the result reads as `attending made the prime visible` - a different and far less interesting paper. Same manoeuvre as marcel1983's second mask and eckstein2007's awareness measures. Sixth record running where the instrument turns out to be part of the phenomenon, and the first where the thing being modulated is the definition itself Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extends → Naccache, Blandin & Dehaene (2002) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → Schneider & Shiffrin (1977); Posner & Snyder (1975) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. replicates → Deacon et al. (2000); Kiefer & Spitzer (2000); Brown & Hagoort (1993) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. temporal attention —causes→ N400 temporal attention N400 direction on the measure: increases · strength of the relation: 0.95 · direction on the measure (stated by the tagger, no quotation): increases · note: 'PREREQUISITE' IS WHY THIS IS 0.95 AND WHY 'increases' UNDERSTATES IT. The enforced axis vocabulary offers increases / reduces / eliminates / no-change, and the claim here is stronger than any of them: without temporal attention the effect does not occur. The nearest available value is 'increases' and it is recorded with that gap stated rather than papered over. A fifth value - 'is-required-for' - would be the honest one, and that goes to Shir with the other schema items rather than being invented here. Both endpoints named as words, the sentence is a results statement, no hedge to preserve. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ANOVA ANOVA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. F-test / main effect F-test / main effect Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. post hoc multiple comparison test post hoc multiple comparison test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Huynh-Feldt correction for sphericity Huynh-Feldt correction for sphericity Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. signal detection sensitivity (d-prime) signal detection sensitivity (d-prime) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. regression regression Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. between-subjects factor in mixed ANOVA between-subjects factor in mixed ANOVA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The masked N400 priming effect was strongest when the cue interval and the SOAs were short. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Temporal attention to the prime is a prerequisite for masked N400 priming. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. With a task-irrelevant cue, N400 priming was considerably reduced and no longer modulated by the cue-prime interval. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Masked behavioural priming was significant but did not vary with the cue-prime interval. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Prime visibility was at chance for the analysed participants, supporting the claim that the primes were unconscious. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Regression found no significant correlation between priming effects and prime identification scores. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. semantic priming semantic priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. masked priming procedure masked priming procedure Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. N400 priming effect N400 priming effect Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cue prime interval cue prime interval Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. stimulus onset asynchrony stimulus onset asynchrony Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. SOA SOA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cue relevance cue relevance Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. N400 amplitude N400 amplitude Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. objective measure of prime identification objective measure of prime identification Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. RT RT Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ER ER Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. F(1,15) = 31.064, MSE = 948, p < .0001 — Main effect of semantic relatedness on lexical decision reaction time in Experiment 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. F(1,15) = 34.405, MSE = 17.83, p < .0001 — Main effect of semantic relatedness on N400 amplitude in the 400-599 msec window of Experiment 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 16 subjects, mean age 25.1 years — Analysed sample of Experiment 1 after excluding three participants whose prime identification exceeded chance Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 49.45% and 49.38% — Masked prime identification accuracy in the short and long cue-prime interval conditions, both at the 50% chance level Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 67 msec or 200 msec — The two prime-target stimulus onset asynchronies used to track the time course of masked priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 33.5 msec — Duration of the masked prime word presentation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 800 trials — Total trials per participant, split into five blocks of 160 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 0.97% versus 1.79% — Lexical decision error rates for semantically related versus unrelated word pairs in Experiment 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

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