Word and picture identification: Is representational parsimony possible?

Word and picture identification: Is representational parsimony possible? Kirsner Milech Stumpfel

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Word and picture identification: Is representational parsimony possible? 1986 Memory & Cognition 10.3758/bf03197015 Kirsner1986-word-and-picture-identification-is-represent Kirsner1986-word-and-picture-identification-is-represent.txt, the project's staged copy 11f2ffe9dd0b955f7c9be20545efc5321b058053 not-redistributable cognitive-psychology

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them existence Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. repetition priming between pictures and printed words Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. behavioural-experiment behavioural-experiment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Repetition priming arises because processing an item changes the system, and the change facilitates later identification in proportion to how many of the same processes are re-invoked at test. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Pictures prime words because task demands lead subjects to treat the drawings as linguistic objects, engaging word-structure processes even without alphabetic input. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Variability in relative priming is produced by sense (nuance) matching: priming is complete only when the same sense is accessed at study and test. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Equal relative-priming values do not entail that the same underlying processes are involved in each stimulus-class combination. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The strategy-insensitivity result rests on a single dissociation and inherits its inferential weakness. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The account cannot explain the observed variability in relative priming across experiments and experimenters. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The estimated picture-word priming value may hold only when pictures are treated as linguistic objects; treated as pictures, priming may vanish. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. a PEST staircase (Parameter Estimation by Sequential Testing) held every subject at approximately the same level of difficulty eliminates: that a group difference is a difference in task difficulty rather than in priming · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the item subsets were counterbalanced across subjects so each appeared equally often under each of the three priming treatments eliminates: that a treatment effect is an item-subset effect · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. repetition priming repetition priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. word identification word identification Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. episodic recognition episodic recognition Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. memory trace memory trace Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A REVERSAL BETWEEN TWO TASKS ON THE SAME MATERIAL, WHICH IS WHY DIFFICULTY CANNOT EXPLAIN IT: `Intramodal performance was superior in word identification, Quotation withheld.` Word-word beats picture-word when the task is identification; picture-word beats word-word when the task is recognition. The sign flips, so no account in which one condition is simply weaker can survive - the same structural move as Finkbeiner2011's colour-versus-identity and Schmidt2010's brightness-versus-contrast, and the strongest form of dissociation evidence in this corpus Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AND IT CONTRADICTS THE PROPOSITION IT SET OUT TO TEST. Durso and Johnson (1979) held that although a printed word facilitates identification of a corresponding picture, a picture does NOT facilitate later word recognition. This paper finds that it does: `repetition priming of words by prior pictures is found with the PEST procedure, in which the dependent variable is accuracy of word identification.` An asymmetry claimed in the literature turns out to be an artefact of the measure - the authors say they used identification rather than naming latency `in order to avoid the range limitations in adult reading data`, and the effect appears Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE FIFTH EXPERIMENT EXISTS ONLY TO CROSS THE TWO TASKS, AND THAT IS THE DESIGN: `Quotation withheld.` Four experiments establish the effect in one task; the fifth puts both tasks on the same footing so their ordering can be compared. A crossover is only available to a design that runs both tasks - and the earlier literature, which ran them separately, could not have found it however many subjects it used Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → Durso & Johnson (1979) and Morton (1984) accounts of asymmetric picture-word transfer Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. replicates → Scarborough, Gerard and Cortese (1979, Experiment 3) episodic recognition experiment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. word identification —contrasted-with→ episodic recognition word identification episodic recognition strength of the relation: 0.95 · note: THE CONTRAST IS THE INSTRUMENT, NOT THE SUBJECT. These two tasks are crossed so that the ORDERING of intramodal against intermodal priming can be compared between them, and the reversal is what the fifth experiment was built to detect. Weight 0.95: the comparison is explicit and it is the paper's design. The reversal itself is quoted whole in the first sense, because it names 'intramodal' and 'intermodal' - which are not nodes here, since the staged text breaks 'inter modal' in most of its occurrences. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. repetition priming —operationalised-as→ word identification repetition priming word identification strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: THE MEASURE WAS CHOSEN TO AVOID A KNOWN CEILING AND THAT CHOICE PRODUCED THE RESULT. The authors state they used word identification rather than naming latency 'in order to avoid…' - and the effect Durso and Johnson could not find appears. Weight 0.9: the operationalisation is explicit, and the quote names both the procedure (PEST) and the two dependent variables (accuracy, threshold). An operationalisation that changes the answer is worth an edge of its own, because the disagreement in the literature is about the measure and not about the phenomenon. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ANOVA ANOVA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. post hoc multiple comparison test post hoc multiple comparison test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ANOVA interaction test ANOVA interaction test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. repeated measures ANOVA repeated measures ANOVA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. standard deviation standard deviation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. meta-analysis meta-analysis Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Repetition priming occurred when a test word was preceded by a line drawing of the same concept. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Intermodal (picture-word) priming is real but smaller in magnitude than intramodal (word-word) priming. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The size of picture-to-word priming is unaffected by whether subjects encoded the pictures by naming or by referential size judgment, i.e. it is insensitive to study-phase strategy. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Word frequency modulates only the intermodal component of priming; the extra facilitation attributable to intramodal repetition is frequency-independent. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. In episodic recognition the ordering of conditions reverses, with picture-word better than word-word, the opposite of the perceptual identification result. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. relative priming (RP) relative priming (RP) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. primary processing primary processing Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. secondary processing secondary processing Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. remote repetition conditions remote repetition conditions Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mode mode Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. modality modality Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. repetition status repetition status Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. word frequency word frequency Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. accuracy of word identification accuracy of word identification Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. identification threshold identification threshold Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 0.57 — relative priming value for picture-to-word transfer obtained in Experiment 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. .35 (SD = 0.22, N = 9) — mean relative priming for picture-word transfer averaged over the nine previously published studies the authors compiled Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 55.3 % and 61.6 % vs 46.8% — word identification accuracy in the picture-word and word-word conditions compared with the new word baseline in Experiment 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 14 msec (range 7 to 33) — mean PEST-derived stimulus onset asynchrony threshold for the 24 retained subjects in Experiment 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 15.4 msec (SD = 3.2) and 12.9 msec (SD = 4.3) — 50% identification thresholds for low- and high-frequency words that had previously been seen as line drawings (Experiment 4) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 48.1 % and 0.30 sec — accuracy and reaction time advantage of the picture-word over the word-word condition in the episodic recognition test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

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