Masked Cross-Modal Repetition Priming: An Event-Related Potential Investigation

Masked Cross-Modal Repetition Priming: An Event-Related Potential Investigation Kiyonaga Grainger Midgley Holcomb

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Masked Cross-Modal Repetition Priming: An Event-Related Potential Investigation 2007 Language and cognitive processes 10.1080/01690960600652471 Kiyonaga2007-masked-cross-modal-repetition-priming-an-eve Kiyonaga2007-masked-cross-modal-repetition-priming-an-eve.txt, the project's staged copy 5d7842e0f011e20fb65af7c80eab0f30bdbe44ec not-redistributable neuroscience

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them mechanism Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. masked cross-modal repetition priming in word recognition Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. electrophysiology electrophysiology Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms A visual prime activates whole-word orthographic representations, which pass activation on to the corresponding whole-word phonological representations, so cross-modal transfer travels the slower lexical route and shows up only in the N400. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Lengthening prime exposure lets activation reach whole-word phonological units sooner and accumulate to a higher level, which shifts the cross-modal N400 effect earlier and makes it bigger. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms An inhibitory reset of modality-specific representations, triggered when prime and target are perceived as separate events, reduces within-modality priming at longer prime durations. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The post-experiment mask-effectiveness test probably overstates how visible the primes were during the ERP experiment itself. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The larger, earlier cross-modal effect at 67 ms may reflect removal of an early reversed priming effect rather than a genuinely larger N400; the authors cannot yet decide between these. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. That alternative explanation is untested in the present data and awaits further experiments. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Cross-study comparison of effect magnitude is difficult; the auditory priming effect obtained here is small and late relative to a previous cross-modal study. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the response hand for the 'oui' and 'non' keys was counterbalanced across subjects AND across lists eliminates: that the cross-modal priming effect is a hand or key preference, or bound to a particular stimulus list · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cross-modal priming cross-modal priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. within-modality priming within-modality priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. N250 N250 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. N400 N400 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. bimodal interactive-activation model bimodal interactive-activation model Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. prime duration prime duration Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THEY CONSIDER Holcomb2005'S DISTINCTION FOR THIS CASE AND DECLINE IT - AND Holcomb AND Grainger ARE AUTHORS ON BOTH PAPERS. The obvious extension of `pre-activation versus establishing connections` is that cross-modal priming, being slower and later, is the connection-building kind. `Quotation withheld.` The argument is that the distinction does not APPLY here, not that it is wrong - a author group declining to extend its own account into the case it most obviously fits Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AND THEY BACK THE REFUSAL WITH AN EMPIRICAL DISCRIMINATOR RATHER THAN LEAVING IT AS REASONING: the Holcomb et al. (2005) semantic effect `was mainly evident on the middle portion and trailing edge of the N400, while cross-modal repetition priming was evident on the rising edge of the N400 at the longest prime duration of the present study.` Different position within the same component, so the two effects are not one phenomenon wearing two names. That is a much harder claim to make than a verbal distinction, and it is the kind of evidence a corpus of definitions should be able to retrieve: two papers, one lab, one component, and a measurable difference in WHERE on the waveform each effect sits Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A METHODOLOGICAL CRITERION FOR WHETHER AN ERP COMPONENT EXISTS AT ALL, cited to a standard and RANKED BY STRENGTH: `Quotation withheld (Rugg & Coles, 1995).` The first two pieces of evidence are morphological - two peaks with a positivity between them, different scalp distributions - and the authors say plainly that the functional one beats them. A component is real when something moves it that does not move its neighbour, and that is a rule about how to individuate a measure, not a finding about words Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE PAPER'S OWN DISSOCIATION SUPPLIES THAT CRITERION, AND IT IS A DOUBLE ONE: `within-modality priming revealed an early N250 effect that was absent in the cross-modality condition. Quotation withheld.` One variable moves the early component and not the late one; the other moves both. So the N250's null in the cross-modal condition is not a weak result - it is the evidence that the N250 is a component rather than a shoulder of the N400 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE MODEL IS TESTED ON TWO PREDICTIONS AND THE PAPER REPORTS BOTH OUTCOMES, INCLUDING THE FAILURE. The first holds - `Quotation withheld.` The second does not: `However, contrary to this prediction we failed to find any evidence for standard priming effects ... in early ERP components (i.e., the N250) with auditory targets at the longer prime duration.` They then explain the failure within the model - the sublexical units get only one source of activation where whole-word units get two - and mark that explanation as owing a test: whether another small increase in prime duration would produce the effect `remains to be seen in further research` Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. replicates → Grainger et al. (2003) behavioural cross-modal masked priming result Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → Holcomb and Grainger (in press), the N250 component Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → the second prediction of the bimodal interactive-activation model (early, pre-N400 cross-modal effects at 67 ms primes) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. within-modality priming —contrasted-with→ cross-modal priming within-modality priming cross-modal priming differs in: BOTH THE KIND OF DIFFERENCE AND ITS SIZE - the two words are the paper's own. Qualitatively: within-modality priming moves the early N250 and cross-modal priming does not, so they engage different processing stages rather than the same stage to different degrees. Quantitatively: at 50 ms prime exposures the cross-modal N400 effect is much the weaker of the two, though at 67 ms it is not · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: GROUNDED ON THE RESULT RATHER THAN ON THE INTERPRETATION, AND THAT WAS A CORRECTION. The span I first chose here - 'whereas priming…' - states an account the authors DECLINE two sentences later. Grounding the contrast on it would have recorded a position as this paper's when it is the one being argued against. That reasoning is in the sense rows instead, with the refusal attached to it. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. prime duration —causes→ cross-modal priming prime duration cross-modal priming strength of the relation: 0.6 — the record marks this weak · note: WEIGHT 0.6 BECAUSE THIS IS AN OPEN QUESTION THE AUTHORS FLAG, NOT A RESULT - 'it remains to be seen in further research', and the hedge is the first clause of the quote. The established half of this relation (50 ms to 67 ms made the cross-modal N400 effect earlier and larger) is already on the record as content_tags.findings[2]; what is added here is the part the paper does NOT know - whether the same dial reaches the pre-N400 components its model predicted and Experiment 3 failed to find. No effect direction: a conditional has no measured sign. Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but 'it remains to be seen' whether a longer prime generates cross-modal effects; causes is hedged. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. N250 —distinct-from→ N400 N250 N400 differs in: WHAT MOVES THEM. Within-modality priming moves the N250; cross-modality priming does not; both move the N400 equally. That is differential sensitivity to an experimental variable, which the authors name as the most compelling evidence for component independence - stronger than the two morphological arguments (two peaks with an intervening positivity, different scalp distributions) that precede it · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: 'at least PARTIALLY distinct' and 'strongly SUGGEST' are the hedges and both are inside the quote. The claim is that two measures are two things - an unusual thing for a concept edge to carry, and the reason this record is worth its senses. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. repeated measures ANOVA repeated measures ANOVA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Geisser-Greenhouse sphericity correction Geisser-Greenhouse sphericity correction Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. t-test t-test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. signal-detection sensitivity (d-prime) signal-detection sensitivity (d-prime) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mean and standard error of the mean mean and standard error of the mean Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. z-score normalisation z-score normalisation WHOSE RESULT THIS IS: Holcomb et al., 1999) revealed - THE EVIDENCE FOR THIS ROW ATTRIBUTES THE WORK TO SOMEBODY ELSE. The cited name is the subject of a result verb and the sentence carries no first-person marker, so the finding, quantity or definition is the CITED author's rather than this record's. The claim is true and the quote is verbatim - what is wrong is whose result the corpus says it is. Nothing edited, nothing withdrawn: the row is marked so a page can name the source. Where the record is a commentary or review, its claim relations layer usually already names the paper being discussed - the record knows at one layer and forgets at another. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Behaviourally, masked visual primes speeded lexical decisions to both visual and auditory targets by roughly equal amounts, with no modality-by-repetition interaction. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. In the ERPs, within-modality repetition effects appeared early and spanned the N250 and N400, while cross-modal effects only emerged on the trailing edge of the N400 after the visual effect had ended. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Raising the prime duration from 50 ms to 67 ms made the cross-modal N400 priming effect both earlier and substantially larger. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The model's prediction that a longer prime would produce cross-modal effects in pre-N400 components was not supported: no N250 priming appeared for auditory targets even at 67 ms. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Within-modality (visual-visual) priming became smaller, not larger, as prime exposure increased from 50 to 67 ms. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. At the short prime duration a small reversed (inverse) priming effect appeared in the cross-modal condition in the 200-300 ms window. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. N250 component N250 component Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. N400 amplitude N400 amplitude Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. prime and target prime and target Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. masked priming variant masked priming variant Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. repetition repetition Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. target modality target modality Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. prime exposure duration prime exposure duration Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. counter-balanced lists counter-balanced lists Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mean reaction times mean reaction times Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. percentage of errors percentage of errors Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 39ms / 40ms — size of the behavioural repetition priming effect for visual and auditory word targets in Experiment 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. d' = 0.11 — prime visibility (sensitivity) in the Experiment 1 mask-effectiveness forced-choice test, not different from zero Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 64% — proportion of masked primes correctly reported in the post-experiment visibility test with the longer 67 ms prime of Experiment 3 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 1.2 microvolt — amplitude of the late auditory (cross-modal) priming effect at Cz in Experiment 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 50 ms to 67 ms — the single manipulated change in prime exposure duration between Experiments 2 and 3 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960600652471.