standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| second reading | alternatives | an independent re-reading of a facet, recorded whether or not it agrees |
| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| contribution | contribution | what the paper claims to add |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| object of study | object_of_study | what the paper is about — the thing it investigates |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| research question | research_question | the question the paper sets itself |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
| transfer | transfers | a method or concept carried in from another field |
| unrecordable relation | unhoused_relations | a relation the paper asserts that this vocabulary cannot express, with the reason |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 4 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| object_of_study | hippocampal time cells - and whether their apparent temporal tuning is instead an integration of the distance the animal has travelled Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | object_of_study | the paper's words | |
| research_question | whether time, distance and location can be disentangled at all in hippocampal firing, and which of them each neuron actually tracks Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | research_question | the paper's words | |
| contribution | clamping behavior and location and randomising treadmill speed shows both time-coding and distance-coding cells, firing in the same theta cycles - so neither pure path integration nor pure network dynamics accounts for the sequences Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | contribution | the paper's words | |
| claim_type | existence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | hippocampal time cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: electrophysiology | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. duplicate of: mechanisms[3] | mechanisms[1] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | the spiking of each neuron is fit to a generalized linear model including treadmill time, treadmill distance, spatial position, treadmill speed and spike history as covariates, and each nested model removes one or more categories of covariates Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | and the distance cells must be reading treadmill speed or the self-motion cues it produces, which is what rules out pure internal network dynamics Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | while the existence of time-only cells rules out pure path integration, so the hippocampus is holding both dimensions at once Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | with distance encoded even though there are no visual cues of movement to read it from Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | due to the residual correlation between time elapsed and distance traveled, the paper cannot say with certainty whether neurons influenced by both were encoding both simultaneously or whether the hippocampus was shifting between types of representations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the mixed cells specifically: WE CANNOT SAY WITH CERTAINTY WHETHER THOSE NEURONS ... WERE ENCODING BOTH TIME AND DISTANCE SIMULTANEOUSLY OR WHETHER THE HIPPOCAMPUS WAS SHIFTING BETWEEN TYPES OF REPRESENTATIONS | limitations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The experimental design cannot fully dissociate time from distance during ongoing treadmill running. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the time-versus-distance dissociation the paper is built on: IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO COMPLETELY SEPARATE TIME AND DISTANCE AS LONG AS THE RAT IS STILL RUNNING ON THE TREADMILL | limitations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | the clamping of behavior and location was largely successful, although minor variations persisted, and were taken into account in subsequent analyses Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: every claim that location and behaviour were held constant: the clamping WAS LARGELY SUCCESSFUL, ALTHOUGH MINOR VARIATIONS PERSISTED, AND WERE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN SUBSEQUENT ANALYSES | limitations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | time and distance cannot be fully separated while the animal is still running, so the decoupling is partial by construction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[1], with the consequence for the figures: THE EFFECTS OF VARYING SPEED BECOMES MORE PRONOUNCED AS TIME ELAPSES, so the alignment is easier to see at the end of the run than the beginning | limitations[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | and the residual correlation means the paper cannot say whether the mixed cells encode both at once or switch between representations - the theta result is what makes the first reading likely Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[0] - simultaneous coding and switching cannot be told apart here | limitations[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the clamping of behaviour and location was only largely successful; minor variations persisted and had to be modeled rather than removed Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[2], with the numbers: 75% OF THE TIME SPENT ON THE TREADMILL COULD BE ACCOUNTED FOR BY AN AREA WITH A RADIUS OF APPROXIMATELY 3.3 cm | limitations[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | and the cell classes are relative to this task - the same neurons carry ordinary place fields elsewhere on the maze Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the cell-class labels, which belong to the task segment and not to the cell: NEURONS IDENTIFIED AS RESPONDING MORE ACCURATELY TO TIME OR ... DISTANCE ... OFTEN EXPRESSED STANDARD PLACE FIELDS IN OTHER REGIONS OF THE MAZE WHEN THE TREADMILL WAS OFF | limitations[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | Muller's random-foraging strategy of clamping behavior and randomising an irrelevant variable, reused with speed in place of direction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | nested-model deviance testing, used to ask what each covariate class adds rather than whether a fit is good Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | the requirement that episodic memory be temporally organised, which is what makes a time-based template worth looking for Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[2] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | a commercial treadmill, set into a maze specifically to hold place constant while motion continues Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[3] | 0.8 | the tagger's words |
| controls | a generalised linear model using ONLY spatial covariates, fitted to firing during treadmill running where distance and time are dissociated Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: that time-cell firing on the treadmill is really place coding - that the apparent timing signal is explained by where the animal is · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held | controls[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | residual variation in location during treadmill running was checked against the transient firing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: that the transient firing at specific moments is driven by small residual differences in the animal's position rather than by elapsed time · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held | controls[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| unhoused_relations | elapsed time → distance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. THE TWO CANNOT BE SEPARATED IN THIS STUDY - the DESIGN form of the negative relation / No edge type can express it: all eight assert that a relation HOLDS. Recorded here because a confounding statement BOUNDS WHAT THE PAPER'S OWN RESULTS CAN MEAN, and it lives in a methods paragraph where nothing downstream will find it. The confound is between the two things the paper's own title sets against each other, and it is the paper that ANSWERS Eichenbaum2014's question - so a reader joining the two needs this sentence and would never see it. | unhoused_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| senses | TWO VARIABLES CONFOUNDED IN EVERY EARLIER STUDY OF THE PHENOMENON: when animals stayed in a constant location, ELAPSED TIME WAS CONFOUNDED WITH THE DISTANCE TRAVELLED - the number of steps taken - so the whole time-cell result was open to a path-integration reading Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | with the design answer stated as a verb - CLAMP behavior and location, and vary the treadmill speed so that time and distance come apart Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | AND THE DECOUPLING IS DECLARED INCOMPLETE: it is IMPOSSIBLE to completely separate time and distance as long as the rat is still running - the effect of speed grows as the run proceeds Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | WITH THE CONSEQUENCE FOR THE FIGURES ADMITTED: the most visually distinct examples typically fire AT THE END of the treadmill run, because that is where the method has power - the examples shown are selected by where the design can see Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | and the residual correlation is carried into the conclusion - the paper CANNOT SAY WITH CERTAINTY whether mixed cells encode both dimensions or switch between them Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | THE CLAMP IS REPORTED AS PARTIAL, NOT AS ACHIEVED: clamping was LARGELY SUCCESSFUL, although minor variations persisted and were taken into account in the analyses Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | A FIRING-RATE THRESHOLD DEFINES A CELL CLASS: units averaging more than 8 Hz over the session were considered putative interneurons and EXCLUDED - the category is a number, applied before any analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | TWO METHODS WITH DIFFERENT ASSUMPTIONS, MADE TO AGREE ON PURPOSE: a nonparametric spatial look-up table and a five-parameter GLM, correlating at r = 0.49 - so the conclusion DOES NOT DEPEND UPON THE ASSUMPTIONS MADE BY EITHER MODEL Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | and the location account is tested by construction rather than asserted - if position sufficed, the predicted and observed temporal tuning curves would match; if the rat were stationary the prediction would be FLAT Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | with the outcome that nearly all neurons DID show spatial tuning, and location was still NOT SUFFICIENT to explain the firing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | THE POPULATION SPLITS AT BOTH EXTREMES: 42 neurons informative for distance but not time, 30 for time but not distance, 284 for both and 44 for neither Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[10] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | and the two extremes fire IN THE SAME THETA CYCLE, which is what argues for simultaneous representation rather than switching between them Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[11] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | THE CATEGORY IS RELATIVE TO THE TASK, NOT INTRINSIC TO THE CELL: neurons identified as time cells or distance cells on the treadmill OFTEN EXPRESSED STANDARD PLACE FIELDS elsewhere on the maze Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[12] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | AND THE FIELD ALREADY KNEW THIS ABOUT DIRECTION: where direction was irrelevant to the task, firing was NOT influenced by direction; where it becomes meaningful, it is - hippocampal activity reflects the regularities THAT CHARACTERIZE THE TASK AT HAND Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[13] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | with the precedent named - Muller's 1987 random foraging task used the same move, CLAMPING behavior and randomising direction to see what signal would emerge Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[14] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | TWO RIVAL ACCOUNTS ELIMINATED BY TWO SUBPOPULATIONS: distance cells rule out firing driven ENTIRELY by internal network dynamics, and time-only cells rule out pure path integration Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[15] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | and the same neurons carry place fields elsewhere, so space dominates when the task makes location matter - the representation follows what the experiment makes relevant Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[16] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| alternatives | claim_type: existence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: existence — note: a second reading reaching the same value from a different sentence. Not applied - a person decides. | alternatives.claim_type | the tagger's words | |
| alternatives | method: the same firing fit twice under different assumptions - a nonparametric spatial look-up table and a parametric nested-model GLM - so the conclusion does not rest on either Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: electrophysiology — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. | alternatives.method | the tagger's words | |
| alternatives | phenomenon: sequences of transient hippocampal firing during a delay in which behaviour and place are held constant Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: hippocampal time cells — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. | alternatives.phenomenon | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | replicates → Pastalkova et al. (2008) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | contradicts → Pastalkova et al. (2008) — the proposal that treadmill-period firing is driven purely by internal network dynamics without idiothetic or allothetic cues Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: whether anything outside the network drives the firing: THE NEURONS MUST BE RESPONDING TO THE TREADMILL SPEED, OR SELF-MOTION CUES INFLUENCED BY THE TREADMILL SPEED, IN ORDER TO ENCODE DISTANCE - against being DRIVEN ENTIRELY BY NETWORK DYNAMICS WITHOUT THE INFLUENCE OF EITHER IDIOTHETIC OR ALLOTHETIC CUES | claim_relations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | contradicts → path-integration accounts of hippocampal function (Etienne and Jeffery, 2004; McNaughton et al., 1996, 2006) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: which variable drives the cell: CELLS WHOSE ACTIVITY WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INFLUENCED BY ONLY TIME INDICATES THAT THESE NEURONS ARE ALSO NOT EXCLUSIVELY DRIVEN BY PATH INTEGRATION | claim_relations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | contradicts → the reading of hippocampal time cells as pure path integration over distance travelled Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: whether it is one variable or both: OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT THE HIPPOCAMPUS REPRESENTS BOTH THE DISTANCE TRAVELED AND TIME, where path integration predicts distance alone | claim_relations[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | contradicts → the account that delay-period sequences are driven entirely by internal network dynamics without idiothetic or allothetic cues Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: the same parameter as item 1 - the presence of self-motion cues: THE NEURONS MUST BE RESPONDING TO THE TREADMILL SPEED, OR SELF-MOTION CUES INFLUENCED BY THE TREADMILL SPEED, IN ORDER TO ENCODE DISTANCE | claim_relations[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | critiques → earlier time-cell studies, in which elapsed time was confounded with distance travelled Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: whether time and distance were separable at all in the earlier designs: Quotation withheld OR CAN MOVE ON A SMALL PLATFORM OR IN A CHAMBER, ALLOWING MOVEMENT TO PLAY A SUBSTANTIAL ROLE IN ACCOUNTING FOR VARIATIONS IN FIRING RATE | claim_relations[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | supports → the view that hippocampal firing reflects whichever regularities the task makes relevant, rather than a fixed variable Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | reconciles → time coding and distance coding, by showing both in the same theta cycles rather than as alternating regimes Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: concurrent against switching representations: WHETHER TIME AND DISTANCE WERE BEING REPRESENTED CONCURRENTLY OR WHETHER THE HIPPOCAMPUS WAS SWITCHING BETWEEN SEPARATE REPRESENTATIONS OF TIME AND DISTANCE - decided by whether the extreme neurons were ACTIVE TOGETHER WITHIN THE SAME THETA CYCLES | claim_relations[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | predicts → that the mixed-selectivity majority encode time and distance conjunctively at all times Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[8] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | time cell —operationalised-as→ firing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: neurons that fire at particular moments during periods when BEHAVIOR AND LOCATION ARE RELATIVELY CONSTANT
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span defines time cells by when they fire; operationalised-as is loose. | concept_edges[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | GLM —contrasted-with→ tuning curve Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: GLM · tuning curve | concept_edges[21] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | network dynamics —distinct-from→ self-motion Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: TWO RIVALS ELIMINATED BY TWO SUBPOPULATIONS - distance cells must be reading treadmill speed or the self-motion cues it produces, so the firing is NOT driven entirely by network dynamics
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says neurons are not driven entirely by network dynamics without cues; distinct-from is loose. also in: network dynamics · self-motion | concept_edges[38] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | path integration —distinct-from→ time Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: and the time-only cells rule out pure path integration, so the hippocampus represents BOTH dimensions simultaneously
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says time-only cells are not exclusively driven by path integration; distinct-from is loose. also in: path integration · time | concept_edges[40] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | ANOVA Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ANOVA | content_tags.statistics[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: correlation | content_tags.statistics[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | bootstrap Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: bootstrap | content_tags.statistics[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | confidence interval Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: confidence interval | content_tags.statistics[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | generalized linear model Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: generalized linear model | content_tags.statistics[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | likelihood ratio test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: likelihood ratio test | content_tags.statistics[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | chi-squared Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: chi-squared | content_tags.statistics[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | maximum likelihood estimation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: maximum likelihood estimation | content_tags.statistics[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Poisson regression Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Poisson regression | content_tags.statistics[8] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | standard deviation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: standard deviation | content_tags.statistics[9] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | p-value Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: p-value | content_tags.statistics[10] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | two-factor ANOVA Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: two-factor ANOVA | content_tags.statistics[11] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.statistics[12] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | deviance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: deviance | content_tags.statistics[13] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Firing of hippocampal neurons during treadmill running was driven by elapsed time and distance run, and could not be explained by the small residual variation in the rat's head position. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 42 neurons (11%) showed distance but not time as informative, and 30 neurons (8%) showed time but not distance as informative Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | neurons only responding significantly to time fired within the same theta cycle as neurons only responding significantly to distance, suggesting that the hippocampus is representing both time and distance simultaneously Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Active neurons fired in a repeating sequence that tiled the whole treadmill run, so some subset of cells was firing at every moment. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Distance coding on a treadmill shows the hippocampus can integrate path length using self-motion alone, without the visual flow that normally accompanies travel. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Firing fields that peaked later in the run were also wider, so temporal precision degraded as the run progressed. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | neurons identified as responding more accurately to time or more accurately to distance during treadmill running often expressed standard place fields in other regions of the maze when the treadmill was off Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | TWO VARIABLES CONFOUNDED IN EVERY EARLIER STUDY: elapsed time was confounded with the distance travelled, THE NUMBER OF STEPS TAKEN, leaving the time-cell result open to a path-integration reading Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and path integration has been proposed as the PRIMARY FUNCTION of hippocampal networks, which is why the parameters had to be disentangled Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the design stated as a verb - CLAMP behavior and location, and vary the treadmill speed to decouple distance from time Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | neurons fire at particular moments during periods when behavior and location are relatively constant, with the speed varied to distinguish time from distance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[10] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | most neurons were strongly influenced by both time and distance, and some significantly by only one Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[11] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | AND THE DECOUPLING IS DECLARED INCOMPLETE: it is IMPOSSIBLE to completely separate time and distance while the rat is still running Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[12] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | with the consequence for the figures admitted - the most visually distinct examples typically fire AT THE END of the run, because that is where the effect of speed has grown Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[13] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and the residual correlation is carried into the conclusion - the paper CANNOT SAY WITH CERTAINTY whether mixed cells encode both dimensions or switch between them Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[14] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | THE CLAMP IS REPORTED AS PARTIAL: largely successful, with minor variations persisting and taken into account rather than removed Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[15] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the rats spent 74% of treadmill time inside an area visited in every time bin, and that area contained 82% of the tighter one Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[16] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | A FIRING-RATE THRESHOLD DEFINES A CELL CLASS: units averaging more than 8 Hz were considered putative interneurons and excluded before any analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[17] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | significantly more neurons were active on the treadmill than expected if they were simply place cells with fields there Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[18] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the location account is tested BY CONSTRUCTION - if position sufficed the predicted and observed curves would match, and a stationary rat would give a FLAT prediction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[19] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and nearly all neurons DID show spatial tuning, with location still NOT SUFFICIENT to explain the firing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[20] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 92% of treadmill-active neurons significantly changed firing rate across time bins Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[21] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | TWO METHODS WITH DIFFERENT ASSUMPTIONS MADE TO AGREE ON PURPOSE: the finding DOES NOT DEPEND UPON THE ASSUMPTIONS MADE BY EITHER MODEL Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[22] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | six nested models, each removing one or more CATEGORIES of covariate, so each deviance measures what that category was worth Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[23] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | THE POPULATION SPLITS AT BOTH EXTREMES: 42 neurons (11%) distance-but-not-time and 30 (8%) time-but-not-distance, with 284 (70%) informative for both Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[24] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | at the extremes some neurons EXCLUSIVELY signalled time and others EXCLUSIVELY distance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[25] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 62% were more tuned to time and 38% more tuned to distance, with 63% more influenced by time than by space Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[26] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and the two extremes fire IN THE SAME THETA CYCLE, arguing for simultaneous representation rather than switching Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[27] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | NOT A PROPERTY OF THE CELL: neurons identified as responding more accurately to time or more accurately to distance during treadmill running OFTEN EXPRESSED STANDARD PLACE FIELDS in other regions of the maze when the treadmill was off Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[28] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | AND THE FIELD ALREADY KNEW THIS ABOUT DIRECTION: where direction was irrelevant firing ignored it, where it became meaningful it did not - activity reflects the regularities THAT CHARACTERIZE THE TASK AT HAND Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[29] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | with the precedent named - Muller 1987 clamped behaviour as foraging and randomized direction to see what signal would emerge Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[30] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | TWO RIVALS ELIMINATED BY TWO SUBPOPULATIONS: distance cells rule out firing driven ENTIRELY by network dynamics, since they must read treadmill speed or self-motion cues Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[31] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | and time-only cells rule out pure path integration, so both dimensions are represented at once Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[32] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | with distance integrated EVEN IN THE ABSENCE of the visual cues usually associated with movement through space Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[33] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | fields peaking later in the run were wider (r = 0.50) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[34] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | where maze locations mattered to task success, space strongly influenced the firing of even the same neurons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[35] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | time cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: time cells | content_tags.definitions[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | path integration Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: path integration | content_tags.definitions[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | difference score Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: difference score | content_tags.definitions[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | clamp Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: clamp | content_tags.definitions[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | interneuron Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: interneuron | content_tags.definitions[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | deviance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: deviance | content_tags.definitions[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | field width Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: field width | content_tags.definitions[8] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | treadmill speed Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: treadmill speed | content_tags.variables[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | neuronal firing pattern Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: neuronal firing pattern | content_tags.variables[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | distance traveled Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: distance traveled | content_tags.variables[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | time Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: time | content_tags.variables[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | distance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: distance | content_tags.variables[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | speed Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: speed | content_tags.variables[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | field width Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: field width | content_tags.variables[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 927 — putative pyramidal cells recorded, drawn from 18 sessions in 6 rats Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 92% (366/400) — share of treadmill-active neurons whose firing rate changed significantly across time bins in the two-factor ANOVA Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 380/400 — neurons for which adding time plus distance covariates significantly improved the GLM fit over space alone Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 314/400 (79%) and 326/400 (82%) — neurons for which distance, in addition to time and space, was informative, and neurons for which time, in addition to distance and space, was informative Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 220/356 (62%) — neurons more strongly tuned to time than distance, the remaining 38% being more tuned to distance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 0.50 — Pearson correlation between a neuron's normalized peak firing time and its normalized firing field width Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 35 to 49 cm/s — the range from which treadmill speed was randomly drawn on each trial Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 3.3 cm — radius of the area containing 75% of the rat's head positions during treadmill running, the measure of how well location was clamped Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 42 neurons (11%) ... 30 neurons (8%) — cells informative for distance but not time, and for time but not distance - the two small groups that eliminate one rival account each Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 8 Hz — the session-average firing rate above which a unit was reclassified as an interneuron and dropped - a cell class defined by a threshold rather than by a property of the cell Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 92% — of treadmill-active neurons significantly changing firing rate across time bins - the coarse result the rest of the paper has to survive Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[10] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 0.49 — agreement between a nonparametric and a parametric estimate of the same thing, reported so that the conclusion cannot be attributed to either model's assumptions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[11] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 74% — of treadmill time spent inside the area visited in every time bin - the number that makes 'location was held constant' checkable rather than asserted Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[12] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.