Consciousness and cognitive control

Consciousness and cognitive control Kunde Reuss Kiesel

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Consciousness and cognitive control 2012 Advances in Cognitive Psychology 10.2478/v10053-008-0097-x Kunde2012-consciousness-and-cognitive-control Kunde2012-consciousness-and-cognitive-control.txt, the project's staged copy dc515097d4c41e0df63ee2508bd0d2d5d1079d91 not-redistributable cognitive-psychology

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them The claim that cognitive control requires awareness, and the inconsistent evidence about whether unconscious events can trigger it. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanism Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cognitive control triggered by unconscious events Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. review review Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms implicit control cues must leave a memory trace that survives across trials, and only consciously represented events are strong enough to bridge that interval, so unconscious implicit cues never reach the control system Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms adapting to a statistical property such as conflict frequency requires accumulating information across many separate episodes over a long period, an accumulation that unconscious representations cannot support Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms control is executed by if-then plans; explicit cues let participants specify both sides of the plan in advance, whereas implicit events leave the if-side and then-side vague, so the plan itself has to be revised and it is this revision that demands awareness Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The proposed resolution: control cued by a single explicit signal can be triggered without awareness, while control that has to be inferred from a pattern of events cannot Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. An implicit cue is one where the environment never signals the need for control - it merely suggests it, so the actor must infer it Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Unconscious stimuli are processed only where the system was prepared in advance to process them, so preparation rather than awareness does the work Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Conflict adaptation works by reallocating attention toward the relevant stimulus aspects after conflict is frequent or recent Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. An indirect route could fake unconscious control: the prime stays unconscious while its behavioural consequences do not, and the actor adjusts to those Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The review's own headline result is that the literature it surveys does not settle the question. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The evidence base the review rests on may be distorted by selective publication of positive findings. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The authors name publication bias in their own literature: positive evidence for control without awareness is publishable and negative evidence is not Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The effects at issue are small, so studies claiming them need power that is not always present Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The central claim is stated with an epistemic hedge: awareness seems essential, or else the evidence is merely not consistent Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The failures of implicit control might be failures of the manipulation rather than of the capacity Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The key term is admitted to be poorly defined Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. control cue - EXPLICIT: a single stimulus that directly signals what to do, such as a task cue or stop signal - and this kind works without awareness Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. control cue - IMPLICIT: no signal at all, only a pattern in the environment from which the need for control must be inferred - and this kind appears to need awareness Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the claim - as a positive necessity: awareness is essential for implicitly cued control Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the claim - as an absence of evidence: the effect has simply not been found consistently, which is a weaker statement the authors deliberately keep in reserve Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. unconscious effect - genuinely unconscious: the masked event itself drives the adjustment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. unconscious effect - indirectly conscious: the event stays unconscious but its behavioural consequences are noticed, and the actor adjusts to those Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. claim_type: mechanism a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: mechanism — note: a second reading reaching the same value from a different sentence. Not applied - a person decides. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extends → Crump et al. (2006) and Crump, Vaquero, & Milliken (2008) on context-specific proportion congruency effects Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. critiques → Dehaene and Naccache's workspace model, which reserves cognitive control for consciousness differs in: THE AXIS IS WHICH PROCESSES NEED CONSCIOUSNESS. 'DEHAENE AND NACCACHE (2001) suggest in their workspace model that routine actions are possible without consciousness, while consciousness is required for cognitive control.' The model is stated precisely enough to be tested and the critique targets exactly the line it draws - so the disagreement is about WHERE the boundary falls, not whether there is one. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. critiques → Jack and Shallice's separation of conscious from automatic action Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extends → preparation accounts of subliminal processing, on which unconscious stimuli work only where the system is set up for them differs in: THE AXIS IS AN ASSUMED PRECONDITION. 'Quotation withheld.' Unconscious processing is granted only where the system was set up for it, so a null in an unprepared condition is not evidence against unconscious processing - it is outside the claim. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. conflict frequency —causes→ cognitive control conflict frequency cognitive control strength of the relation: 0.9 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'response-conflict is generally frequent' and 'more attention is devoted', not 'conflict frequency' / 'cognitive control'. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. RETRACTED (THE DIRECTION IS INVERTED AND THE CLAIM IS ATTRIBUTED) · task switching —part-of→ cognitive control task switching cognitive control RETRACTED: THE DIRECTION IS INVERTED AND THE CLAIM IS ATTRIBUTED. The edge is 'task switching --part-of--> cognitive control'. The span: '…thus cognitive control is believed to be heavily involved…'. The sentence says CONTROL IS INVOLVED IN SWITCHING - the paradigm engages the faculty. The edge says the paradigm is a component of the faculty, which is the other way round; and 'is believed' marks it as the field's view rather than this paper's finding. — strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but cognitive control is 'believed to be heavily INVOLVED IN' task switching; part-of is loose. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. post-error slowing —part-of→ cognitive control post-error slowing cognitive control strength of the relation: 0.9 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. subliminal priming —distinct-from→ consciousness subliminal priming consciousness strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says stimulus awareness is not necessary for processing; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. When the need for control is signalled by a single explicit cue, that cue does not have to be consciously perceived for control to be recruited. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. When the need for control is only implied by recent or frequent response conflict, awareness of that event appears to be necessary, and unconscious induction of control is not reliably obtained. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Exactly three control functions have so far been shown to be triggerable by subliminal explicit cues: task preparation, response inhibition, and orienting of attention. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. There is little doubt that masked stimuli can induce task sets. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Strategic adaptation to how often conflict occurs is obtained only when the conflicting irrelevant information is consciously seen. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Conflict adaptation requires that the prime in the preceding trial was visible, yet the control settings so established still act on masked primes in the current trial - so awareness is needed to invoke control, not to execute it. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. In contrast to Experiment 1, the congruency effect here was not affected by context information. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Taken as a whole the literature is inconsistent: some experiments show control prompted by unnoticed events and others show it fails. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The authors conjecture that cognitive control does not require meta-knowledge of when and how to apply it. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. control cued by a single explicit signal appears to work without awareness; control that must be inferred from a pattern does not Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. masked primes speed and improve responses when mapped to the same response or category as the target Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the literature on unconscious control is inconsistent, and the authors treat that inconsistency as the thing to be explained Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the field may be shaped by publication bias favouring positive evidence for unconscious control Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cognitive control cognitive control Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. explicit events explicit events Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. implicit events implicit events Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. prime stimulus prime stimulus Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Gratton effect Gratton effect Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. interference tasks interference tasks Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cognitive control cognitive control Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. subliminal priming subliminal priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 54 ms ... 32 ms — size of the congruency effect with visible primes in the low-interference versus high-interference context, showing context-specific adaptation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 80% — proportion of congruent trials in the low-interference colour context and of incongruent trials in the high-interference colour context Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 80% ... 20% — proportions of congruent trials in the two conditions across which masked priming effects declined Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.2478/v10053-008-0097-x.