standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
This record holds no relations between concepts. A layer is empty when the tagger recorded nothing in it — which is not the same as the paper having nothing to record.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| claim_type | mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | disorders of consciousness after severe brain damage Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | review Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: review | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[2] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The imaging methods reviewed are hard to apply and interpret in this patient population. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: this patient population specifically: USE OF THESE TECHNIQUES IN SEVERELY BRAIN-DAMAGED PERSONS IS METHODOLOGICALLY COMPLEX AND REQUIRES CAREFUL QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION | limitations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | PET metabolic measures cannot yet be linked to patient outcome. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any prognostic use of PET metabolism: AT PRESENT, THERE IS NO ESTABLISHED CORRELATION BETWEEN CEREBRAL METABOLIC RATES OF GLUCOSE OR OXYGEN AS MEASURED BY PET AND PATIENT OUTCOME | limitations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The minimally conscious state has almost no imaging evidence base yet. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any claim about the minimally conscious state: BECAUSE CRITERIA FOR THE MCS HAVE ONLY RECENTLY BEEN INTRODUCED, THERE ARE VERY FEW FUNCTIONAL IMAGING STUDIES OF PATIENTS IN THIS CONDITION | limitations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The central construct has no objective measure; its estimation is stated to require interpretation of clinical signs. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any consciousness determination in these patients as an objective measurement: the review states it cannot be measured by any machine and requires interpretation of clinical signs | limitations[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The criteria for brain death are stated to differ between countries, some requiring brainstem death only and others whole-brain death. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: a brain-death determination as a jurisdiction-independent fact: the review states the diagnostic criteria differ from country to country | limitations[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | Diagnosis rests on inference from responses observed at the moment of examination, and misdiagnosis of these states is stated to be frequent. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: a recorded diagnosis of VS, MCS or locked-in syndrome as settled: the review states misdiagnosis is frequent and assessment infers from responses at the time of examination | limitations[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The three sources of uncertainty are stated together in one sentence and compound each other: motor responses may be limited or inconsistent, consciousness is not all-or-none, and the assessment is an inference from responses observed at the moment of examination. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[6] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | studies whose clinical detail was too thin to guarantee the accuracy of the diagnosis were excluded from the review Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: that the review's conclusions rest on cases whose diagnostic category - coma, vegetative state, minimally conscious - cannot be trusted · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held | controls[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | brain death Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: brain death | concepts[0] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | minimally conscious state Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: minimally conscious state | concepts[1] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | consciousness Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: consciousness | concepts[2] | the paper's words | |
| senses | consciousness - defined here for assessability rather than for correctness: as it can be assessed at the patient's bedside Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | consciousness - explicitly not an all-or-none phenomenon, which is why bedside assessment is difficult Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | emergence from the minimally conscious state - defined by a capability: functional interactive communication or functional use of objects Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | brain death - a category whose criteria are jurisdictional: brainstem death in some countries, whole-brain death in others, with the concept itself 'largely accepted' either way Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | qualifies → the irreversible-neuronal-loss reading (ref. 64) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: WHETHER THE SAME METABOLIC IMPAIRMENT IS DAMAGE OR DYSFUNCTION - and the review states the disagreement rather than settling it: 'It is still controversial whether the observed metabolic impairment in this large cortical network reflects an IRREVERSIBLE STRUCTURAL NEURONAL LOSS, OR FUNCTIONAL AND POTENTIALLY REVERSIBLE DAMAGE.' The evidence offered against the first reading is a rare case class, not a test: 'However, in the rare cases where VS patients recover awareness ... PET SHOWS A FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY of metabolism in these same cortical regions' | claim_relations[0] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | builds-on → Andrews et al. 1996, Childs et al. 1993 and five others (refs. 1-7) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: WHAT THE MISDIAGNOSIS RATE IS EVIDENCE OF. The review cites seven misdiagnosis studies not as a finding about clinicians but as evidence that THE CATEGORY IS HARD TO APPLY AT THE BEDSIDE, and gives two reasons in the same passage: 'motor responses may be very limited or inconsistent', and 'consciousness is not an all-or-none phenomenon and its clinical assessment relies on inferences made from observed responses to external stimuli at the time of the examination' | claim_relations[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | The metabolic hallmark of the vegetative state is impaired metabolism in the polymodal associative cortices - bilateral prefrontal regions, Broca's area, parieto-temporal and posterior parietal areas, and precuneus. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Intense noxious stimulation reached midbrain, contralateral thalamus and primary somatosensory cortex in every one of 15 vegetative patients, so primary sensory cortex remains reachable even when cortical evoked potentials are absent. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The same noxious stimulation failed to activate secondary somatosensory, insular, posterior parietal and anterior cingulate cortices in any vegetative patient, although all of these were activated in every control subject. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The precuneus and adjacent posterior cingulate cortex seem to be the regions that differentiate minimally conscious from vegetative patients. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | PET showed significantly higher brain metabolic levels in locked-in than in vegetative patients. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The lumped constant used to compute glucose metabolism from FDG-PET is not stable in damaged brains: it falls globally after traumatic brain injury and rises regionally in severe cerebral ischaemia, so absolute metabolic rates in these patients are unreliable. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Despite the promise of functional neuroimaging, clinical examination and the nosological categories it establishes remain the standard for diagnosis and prognosis in these patients. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | consciousness Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: consciousness | content_tags.definitions[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | coma Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: coma | content_tags.definitions[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | persistent vegetative state Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: persistent vegetative state | content_tags.definitions[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | minimally conscious state Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: minimally conscious state | content_tags.definitions[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | locked-in syndrome Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: locked-in syndrome | content_tags.definitions[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | hollow skull phenomenon Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: hollow skull phenomenon | content_tags.definitions[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 40-50% — overall cortical metabolism of vegetative patients as a proportion of normal values Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 30-40% — brain metabolism in permanent vegetative state (12 months after trauma, 3 months after non-traumatic damage) as a proportion of normal values Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 28% — lowest reported brain metabolism, measured under propofol anaesthesia, as a proportion of normal values Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 40% — cortical cerebral metabolism during deep sleep (stages III-IV) as a proportion of normal values Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 75% — cerebral metabolic rate for glucose, as a proportion of normal, in patients who recover from postanoxic coma Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 15 — number of vegetative patients in whom noxious electrical stimulation activated midbrain, thalamus and primary somatosensory cortex Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[5] | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.