Chapter 12 - Neuroeconomics of Emotion and Decision Making

Chapter 12 - Neuroeconomics of Emotion and Decision Making Lempert Phelps Glimcher Fehr

Tag layer of the DHSS Meta-Tagging Project. The article text is reproduced from the staged copy named in sourceDesc and is not altered; the tags are held separately in standOff so that overlapping and nested spans are preserved.

Chapter 12 - Neuroeconomics of Emotion and Decision Making 2014 Neuroeconomics (Second Edition) 10.1016/B978-0-12-416008-8.00012-7 Lempert2014-chapter-12-neuroeconomics-of-emotion-and-dec Lempert2014-chapter-12-neuroeconomics-of-emotion-and-dec.txt, the project's staged copy fb6f0f2fb77456cf4fe16e961c6fd59502d1412e not-redistributable neuroeconomics

the paper's own words

the tag layer; a sentence written by the tagger about the paper, always anchored to a quotation but not itself a quotation

0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them mechanism Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. emotional influence on value-based decision making Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. review review Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms induced moods set appraisal tendencies - a sad or disgusted state makes the person appraise unrelated options in a mood-congruent way, which shifts the subjective value assigned to them Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms stress impairs prefrontal function and enhances striatal/dopaminergic habit circuits, so the decision process falls back on automatic or habitual responding Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms amygdala input to the striatum is proposed as the circuit that folds an emotional reaction into the subjective-value computation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms a mismatch between behaviour and attitude produces negative affect, and preference is revised after the fact to become consonant with the behaviour so that the negative affect is removed Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A CATEGORY FALSIFIED BY ONE OF ITS OWN MEMBERS: `the hippocampus, a key component of the limbic system in MacLean's formulation, was shown to be critical for memory, a basic cognitive function, rather than for emotion.` And the reverse also failed - `phylogenetically newer regions of the neocortex ... were found to be important in emotion`. The category leaked in both directions at once. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AND THE FIRST REPAIR WAS TO CHANGE THE MEMBERSHIP, NOT THE DEFINITION: `Quotation withheld`. The name and its organising distinction were held fixed while the extension was edited to fit - a repair mode nothing else in this corpus records. (The sentence opens `In response to such findings, some researchers tried` on the previous page; the span starts after the page break because the staged text wedges a DOI, a page number, a copyright line and a running header into the middle of it.) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE REPAIR FAILED BECAUSE THE DISTINCTION ITSELF DISSOLVED: `there is no clean dividing line in the brain between regions underlying emotion and cognition, and there is NO EVIDENCE FOR A SINGLE UNIFIED SYSTEM that drives emotion.` Once the boundary the category was drawn to mark is denied, no membership list can save the name. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AND WHAT REPLACES IT IS NOT ANOTHER CATEGORY BUT A FINER GRAIN: `Quotation withheld.` The successor to a failed umbrella term is a refusal to have an umbrella term. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The stress-to-habit account reviewed lacks direct neural evidence in humans. what this limits: the stress-to-habit account: AS OF YET, THERE IS NO DIRECT NEUROSCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE OF DIMINISHED PFC INVOLVEMENT IN THESE TASKS Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The stress and decision-making literature reviewed is not yet conclusive. what this limits: the stress and decision-making literature as a whole: IT PRESENTS INTRIGUING IDEAS, BUT LEAVES MANY OPEN QUESTIONS Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The choice-blindness studies reviewed cannot separate preference change from preference revelation because preferences were not rated before and after. what this limits: the choice-blindness interpretation: PARTICIPANTS DID NOT SYSTEMATICALLY RATE THEIR PREFERENCES FOR OBJECTS BOTH BEFORE AND AFTER - so preference change cannot be separated from preference revelation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The inference from brain activation to a psychological construct is named and reported as questioned, especially for regions with multiple functions. what this limits: any claim that an activation demonstrates an emotional process: the chapter names this reverse inference and reports its success as questioned, especially for multi-function regions Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The review deliberately excludes an entire class of evidence: findings that rest only on reverse inference are not reviewed at all. what this limits: this chapter as a survey of the emotion-and-decision literature: statements deriving exclusively from reverse inference were excluded from it by design Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The chapter describes the earlier practice it is correcting as assuming its conclusion a priori. what this limits: earlier neuroeconomic findings linking irrational choice to emotion: the chapter states the link was often assumed a priori and taken as verified by activation in regions previously linked to emotion Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. reverse inference reverse inference Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. incidental affect incidental affect Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. affective state affective state Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. limbic system limbic system Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. hippocampus hippocampus Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. reverse inference - the named move from an observed activation to the presence of a psychological construct, whose success the chapter reports as questioned Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. incidental affect - a stipulated sense: a baseline affective state unrelated to the decision that can nevertheless shift choices Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. `limbic system` - THE ORIGINAL SENSE: `the emotional center of the brain, with the phylogenetically newer portions of the neocortex underlying cognitive functions, such as reason`. The category exists to carry one distinction: emotion here, reason there. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. `limbic system` - THE TERMINAL SENSE: `obsolete and should be abandoned`, argued by `affective neuroscientists` with four citations behind it. Not withdrawn by a committee and not renamed - talked out of use by the practitioners of the field. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → MacLean's limbic system concept Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → the Risk-As-Feelings Hypothesis (Loewenstein et al., 2001) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. incidental affect —is-a→ affective state incidental affect affective state strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The emotion/cognition division inherited from the limbic system concept fails anatomically: no boundary separates emotional from cognitive brain regions, and no single unified system drives emotion. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A second main route by which emotion influences decisions is by entering the emotional reaction to options or outcomes into the value calculation. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The studies suggest that emotion modulates the value computation, thereby changing the choice. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. There does not seem to be a single mechanism by which incidental affect influences choices. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Reappraising an unfair ultimatum offer changes decisions, whereas merely suppressing the outward expression of emotion does not - so it is the reinterpretation, not the display, that carries the effect. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. That cognitive reappraisal of a choice option's emotional significance changes decisions is treated as strong evidence that emotion enters the subjective-value calculation itself. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Merely believing they had chosen an item increased participants' preference for it. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The chapter discusses only findings that measure and/or manipulate affective processes. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. incidental affect incidental affect Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. reverse inference reverse inference Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mood mood Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. stress stress Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. physiological arousal physiological arousal Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. skin conductance response (SCR) skin conductance response (SCR) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. temporal discounting temporal discounting Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. future anhedonia future anhedonia about this quote: DAMAGED GLYPHS IN THIS QUOTE: (cid:1). These are raw PDF font glyph indices that leaked out in place of the characters they stand for - usually a mathematical operator. The quote is verbatim to the staged text and its anchor is sound; the STAGED TEXT is what is damaged. NOT repaired: the cid-to-character mapping is defined by the font embedded in that particular PDF, so guessing it would produce a clean and unverifiable quote. Repair needs the source PDF and is a re-staging job. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. reconsolidation reconsolidation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Somatic Marker Hypothesis Somatic Marker Hypothesis Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. construal level theory construal level theory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. risk taking risk taking Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. gender gender Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Less than 30% — proportion of participants who noticed that the face they had chosen had been covertly swapped, in the choice-blindness study the chapter reports Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416008-8.00012-7.