standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
| transfer | transfers | a method or concept carried in from another field |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 1 relation here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
This record holds no controls. A layer is empty when the tagger recorded nothing in it — which is not the same as the paper having nothing to record.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| claim_type | method Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | cognitive load in STEM instructional materials Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | review Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: review | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[2] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | CLO is time consuming to implement, which the author offers economies of scale to offset. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the practicality claim: HOWEVER, CLO IS TIME CONSUMING TO IMPLEMENT | limitations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The effect of ChatGPT on learning outcomes was not determined by this study. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any learning-outcome claim: FURTHER WORK IS NEEDED TO DETERMINE AI CHATGPT'S IMPACT ON LEARNING OUTCOMES | limitations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The new data in the paper come only from analysis of printed materials, not from a new controlled study. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the evidential basis of the paper: NEW DATA PRESENTED IN THIS PAPER STEMS FROM AN ANALYSIS OF PRINTED MATERIALS ONLY - no new controlled study | limitations[3] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | CLO is a detailed methodology that is time consuming to implement Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. duplicate of: limitations[1] · what this limits: the same scope as limitations[1] - implementation cost | limitations[4] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | CLO is new and its detailed procedures and metrics must be learned before use, which costs time Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the adoption claim specifically: CLO IS A NEW LEARNING THEORY WITH A DETAILED METHODOLOGY (PROCEDURES, METRICS ETC.) THAT IS TIME CONSUMING TO USE | limitations[5] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The effect of ChatGPT on learning outcomes is not established by this study Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. duplicate of: limitations[2] · what this limits: any learning-outcome claim: FURTHER WORK IS NEEDED TO DETERMINE AI CHATGPT'S IMPACT ON LEARNING OUTCOMES | limitations[6] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | Only text-based ChatGPT is considered Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the modality covered: THIS PAPER IS RESTRICTED TO TEXT-BASED CHATGPT | limitations[7] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The evidence offered for the method is one cohort given three lectures, and the cohort is described as students whose first language was not English. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the claim that this methodology addresses a global STEM educational crisis: the reported experiment is one cohort of 33 non-native-English-speaking students given three lectures in remote online mode | limitations[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The AI half of the proposal is repeatedly marked as not yet established, in the same table that presents the framework. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the artificial-intelligence component of this proposal: the paper states ChatGPT output is not necessarily coherent and contiguous and that further work is needed on its role in instructional design and assessment | limitations[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | Its effect on the outcome the paper cares about is explicitly still open. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any expectation that adding ChatGPT improves learning outcomes here: the paper states further work is needed to determine its impact on them | limitations[10] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The comparison class is characterised rather than measured: existing theories are described as qualitative and subjective, and the description is the ground for replacing them. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the contrast between this quantitative theory and existing ones: the existing theories are characterised as qualitative, subjective and dependent on the educator's skill, rather than compared on a measured outcome | limitations[11] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The internalisation mechanism the framework depends on is supported only as 'some evidence', with further work stated as needed. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the claim that CLO schema diagrams are internalised into long-term memory: the paper reports only 'some evidence' for it and hedges the downstream scaffolding with 'may' | limitations[12] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | the design of instructional material is recast as a combinatorial optimization problem — identifying, ranking and sequentially ordering interdependent elements to minimise a measured cost function (cognitive load) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[0] | the tagger's words | |
| concepts | cognitive load optimization Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cognitive load optimization | concepts[0] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | science of learning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: science of learning | concepts[1] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | SOLO taxonomy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: SOLO taxonomy | concepts[2] | the paper's words | |
| senses | cognitive load optimization - claimed as a QUANTITATIVE science-of-learning theory, defined by modelling relational knowledge as schemas optimised for the lowest cognitive load Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | learning theory - the paper draws a line ChatGPT is placed on the far side of: a useful pedagogical tool, but not a learning theory Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | existing learning theories - characterised as qualitative soft-science principles with subjective guidelines open to interpretation, which is the stated ground for a quantitative replacement Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | extends → Cognitive Load Theory (CLT); de Jong, 2010 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | extends → Cognitive Load Theory (CLT), de Jong 2010 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | contradicts → Constructivist learning theory Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | builds-on → SOLO taxonomy (Biggs & Collis, 1982, 1989) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[3] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | cognitive load optimization —is-a→ science of learning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: cognitive load optimization · science of learning | concept_edges[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | descriptive statistics Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: descriptive statistics | content_tags.statistics[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | mean Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mean | content_tags.statistics[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | standard deviation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: standard deviation | content_tags.statistics[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ChatGPT 3.5's output on hubs versus switches imposed a high cognitive load with cognitive gaps, risking student misconceptions. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ChatGPT's explanation of the two sine equations used degrees in one and radians in the other, a potential source of confusion. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Every STEM curriculum item examined across school, college and university level was non-sequential and contained cognitive gaps, i.e. carried a high cognitive load. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 64 business students who had passed three STEM IT units all scored zero on ten simple relational-knowledge questions. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | CLO consistently achieved high pass and retention rates (typically 100%) together with very positive student satisfaction. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Cognitive Load Theory lacks a reliable quantitative metric for intrinsic cognitive load. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Ninety-nine percent of the students in the comparison preferred CLO-based learning over the standard method. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | ChatGPT works across STEM disciplines and levels but is an educational technology rather than a learning theory, and gives no assurance of pedagogical quality. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Cognitive Load Optimization (CLO) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Cognitive Load Optimization (CLO) | content_tags.definitions[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) | content_tags.definitions[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | intrinsic cognitive load (ICL) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: intrinsic cognitive load (ICL) | content_tags.definitions[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | schema Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: schema | content_tags.definitions[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | relational knowledge Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: relational knowledge | content_tags.definitions[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | misconceptions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: misconceptions | content_tags.definitions[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | SOLO taxonomy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: SOLO taxonomy | content_tags.definitions[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | pass and retention rates Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: pass and retention rates | content_tags.variables[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 99% — share of students preferring CLO-based learning to the standard method Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 64 ... zero — business students tested on ten relational-knowledge questions after passing three STEM IT units, and their score Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 100% — pass and retention rates for engineering mathematics taught by the CLO method in remote access mode Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | mean of 4.09 with a standard deviation of 0.739 — rating of the Relative Benefit factor by the Chinese graduate-student cohort taught with CLO Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 210 — business studies graduate students whose behavioural intention to adopt CLO was evaluated with TAM and UTAUT Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. WHOSE RESULT THIS IS: students’ behavioral intention to adopt/use CLO (Nuangjamnong, 2022). - THE RESULT OR THE NUMBER IS THE CITED WORK'S. Read, not swept - the trailing-citation shape is about 55% precise and the main clause is what decides it. Second reading pass over the 25 candidates left after 2026-08-25 11:39: 9 marked, 16 refused. 'The behavioral…' - a cited study's cohort and result. | content_tags.quantities[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 29% ... 34% — respondents in a national online-learning report complaining of lack of engagement, and of inadequate academic interaction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | one million — additional STEM graduates called for by the US President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 33 — non-native-English students taught three remote lectures with CLO materials in the reported experiment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[7] | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.