Short-term implicit memory: Visual, auditory, and cross-modality priming

Short-term implicit memory: Visual, auditory, and cross-modality priming McKone Dennis

Tag layer of the DHSS Meta-Tagging Project. The article text is reproduced from the staged copy named in sourceDesc and is not altered; the tags are held separately in standOff so that overlapping and nested spans are preserved.

Short-term implicit memory: Visual, auditory, and cross-modality priming 2000 Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 10.3758/bf03212991 McKone2000-short-term-implicit-memory-visual-auditory-a McKone2000-short-term-implicit-memory-visual-auditory-a.txt, the project's staged copy 11556de4d944d4718766bac1435c326f7a29b3f7 not-redistributable cognitive-psychology

the paper's own words

the tag layer; a sentence written by the tagger about the paper, always anchored to a quotation but not itself a quotation

0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them mechanism Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. short-term repetition priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. behavioural-experiment behavioural-experiment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms because continuous speech is ambiguous and many apparent nonwords later resolve into words, the phonological lexicon must keep pseudoword-status items active as long as word-status items, producing slow auditory decay for both Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms because the written signal is far less ambiguous, the orthographic lexicon can discard a nonword as soon as the next item arrives, producing the fast visual nonword decay Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms each stimulus is obligatorily recoded into the other perceptual form, and the secondary trace left by that recoding supports the weak cross-modal short-term priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Because no lags beyond 6 were tested, the authors cannot show that the long-term asymptote had actually been reached for auditory items. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The orthographic locus previously assumed for visual short-term priming was never established directly, since words and pseudowords also differ phonologically and semantically. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The locus assumed in the authors' own earlier explanations is stated to have no direct evidence, and a confound is named in the same sentence. what this limits: the orthographic locus assumed in the authors' earlier accounts of short-term priming: they state there is no direct evidence for it and that words and pseudowords also differ phonologically and in semantic familiarity Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The obvious definition of the measured quantity is rejected outright, because unprimed response times differ by modality, and a different baseline is substituted. what this limits: any comparison of these priming magnitudes with a study that measures priming as first-versus-second presentation: this paper rejects that definition and uses the mean of all unprimed trials of matching lexicality and modality as the baseline Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. lexical decision times below 300 or above 1,700 msec excluded, along with incorrect responses - 1.3 per cent of reaction times eliminates: anticipations and lapses of attention dominating a mean, with the exclusion rate reported so a reader can see how much was removed · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. implicit memory implicit memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. explicit memory explicit memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. short-term implicit memory short-term implicit memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. baseline for priming baseline for priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. short-term implicit memory - a name chosen by ANALOGY OF DURATION with explicit short-term memory, not by a claim about mechanism Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. short-term implicit memory - and the commitment the name would carry is DECLINED in the next sentence: separate stores are explicitly not assumed Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. priming - operationalised as the difference from the mean of ALL unprimed trials of matching lexicality and modality, after the first-versus-second-presentation definition was rejected Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. implicit memory - automatic retrieval of the target's initial presentation, defined by CONTRAST with the deliberate conscious retrieval required for explicit memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. replicates → McKone (1995) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extends → Kirsner and Smith (1974) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → Kirsner and Smith (1974) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. implicit memory —contrasted-with→ explicit memory implicit memory explicit memory strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ANOVA ANOVA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mean squared error mean squared error Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. planned contrasts (Helmert) planned contrasts (Helmert) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. t-test t-test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. three-way ANOVA three-way ANOVA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. four-way ANOVA with alpha level four-way ANOVA with alpha level Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mean mean Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. With visual stimuli, short-term priming decayed faster for nonwords than for words (a lag by lexicality interaction), whereas with auditory stimuli both item types decayed smoothly and slowly. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Short-term priming lasted longer when both presentations were spoken than when both were written. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Auditory nonword priming survived at least three intervening trials (about 8 seconds), while visual nonword priming fell to its long-term level after a single intervening item. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Switching modality between prime and target reduced short-term priming but never abolished it, for words and nonwords alike. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Cross-modal short-term priming persisted to lag 1 for word targets but disappeared after one intervening item for nonwords. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Weak cross-modal short-term priming for words and nonwords indicates recoding between perceptual forms. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Modality mismatch significantly reduced priming for visual targets (31 vs. 2 msec) but not for auditory targets (36 vs. 27 msec). Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Error rates fell from first to second presentation (words 11.3% to 6.0%; nonwords 5.9% to 5.7%). Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Unprimed lexical decisions were roughly 320-350 msec faster for written than for spoken items. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. First-presentation responses were consistently faster when the preceding trial was in the same modality. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The main locus of short-term priming is the perceptual subsystem in which the item was presented: orthographic for written items, phonological for spoken ones. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. short-term implicit memory short-term implicit memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. long-term implicit memory long-term implicit memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. pseudoword pseudoword Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. orthographic lexicon orthographic lexicon Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. phonological lexicon phonological lexicon Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. lag lag Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. lexical status lexical status Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. first presentation modality first presentation modality Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. second presentation modality second presentation modality Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. reaction time reaction time Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. error rate error rate Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. order of priming conditions order of priming conditions Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. V = 620 msec, A = 966 msec — unprimed lexical decision times for visual versus auditory words Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. F(3,63) = 2.76, MSe = 2,416, P < .05 — the lag by lexicality interaction for same-modality visual priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 31 vs. 2 msec, t(21) = 3.57, p < .005 — same-modality versus cross-modality long-term priming at lag 6 for visual targets Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 11.3% to 6.0% — word error rates on first versus second presentation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 22 — number of subjects tested Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 1,500 trials in five blocks of 300 — length of the trial list each subject completed Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 32 priming conditions ... with 20 items in each — design size: crossings of lexicality, prime modality, target modality and lag, with items per cell Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 1.3% ofRTs / 6.2% ofRTs — proportion of responses discarded as outliers and as errors respectively Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03212991.