Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm Moeller Schächinger Frings

Tag layer of the DHSS Meta-Tagging Project. The article text is reproduced from the staged copy named in sourceDesc and is not altered; the tags are held separately in standOff so that overlapping and nested spans are preserved.

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm 2014 Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE 10.3791/51571 Moeller2014-irrelevant-stimuli-and-action-control-analyz Moeller2014-irrelevant-stimuli-and-action-control-analyz.txt, the project's staged copy fc78a8bb5f5af2ef1ac0f149189c54c441a719dc not-redistributable cognitive-psychology

the paper's own words

the tag layer; a sentence written by the tagger about the paper, always anchored to a quotation but not itself a quotation

0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them The distractor-response binding paradigm itself - a prime-probe protocol for separating distractor-based response retrieval from distractor inhibition. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. How can distractor-based response retrieval and distractor inhibition be measured separately when studying how ignored stimuli influence human action control? Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. method Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. distractor-response binding Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. system-or-tool-building system-or-tool-building Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Re-encountering a stimulus that was bound into an event file retrieves the whole stored episode, including the response executed with it, so an ignored distractor can drive the current response. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Retrieval runs in parallel with the algorithm computing the required response, so the longer the response takes, the more often retrieval finishes in time to influence it - which is why slower tasks show larger binding effects. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Inhibiting the same distractor twice in a row carries after-effects that facilitate the second inhibition, producing a benefit that is independent of whether the response repeats. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A stimulus and a response executed close together in time are stored as one episodic trace, so re-encountering the stimulus retrieves the whole episode including the response Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Because the distractor is bound into the same trace as the target and response, the distractor alone can trigger retrieval of the target's response Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Retrieval therefore helps when the response repeats and hurts when it changes, which is why the signature is an interaction rather than a main effect Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Inhibition predicts a benefit from distractor repetition that does not depend on response repetition, which is what makes the two mechanisms separable in one design Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Retrieval runs in parallel with computing the required response, so slower tasks give retrieval more time to finish and produce larger effects Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The factors that modulate the distractor-response binding effect are not yet fully specified. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The paradigm has been validated in only one clinical sample (unpublished), so the trial numbers needed for individual-difference work are unknown. duplicate of: limitations[4] Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The effect fails if the gap between prime response and probe onset is too long Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Grouping of target and distractor appears to be required, and the full set of modulating conditions is not yet known Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Only one clinical sample has been looked at, and that data is unpublished, so trial numbers for individual-difference work are unknown Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Error rates usually yield nothing, so the paradigm effectively rests on response times alone Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Trials repeating the target identity must be dropped from analysis to keep target-based bindings out, yet kept in the procedure to stop participants responding strategically Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The paradigm is modality-independent: the same binding effect and the same response-time modulation appear in visual, auditory and tactile versions, which the paper reads as evidence that the mechanism is central rather than perceptual Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. varying response relation (repetition vs change) and distractor relation (repetition vs change) orthogonally in a 2x2 design eliminates: that a distractor-repetition effect is confounded with response repetition, and that distractor inhibition cannot be told apart from response retrieval · outcome: held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. random assignment of stimuli from the stimulus set to the roles of prime target, prime distractor, probe target and probe distractor within each trial type eliminates: that the effect is driven by particular stimuli rather than by the repetition relations between them · outcome: held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. distractor repetition effect - as an INTERACTION with response relation: the signature of retrieval, i.e. of distractor-response binding Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. distractor repetition effect - as a MAIN EFFECT: the signature of inhibition, read off the same design and the same data Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. response repetition - with the same target identity (RRi): excluded from analysis because target repetition would confound it Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. response repetition - with a different target from the same response category (RR): the condition actually analysed Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. negative priming - under the inhibition account: residual inhibition of the former distractor makes responding to it harder Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. negative priming - under the retrieval account: a do-not-respond tag encoded with the distractor is retrieved and conflicts with responding Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. claim_type: method a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: method — note: a second reading reaching the same value from a different sentence. Not applied - a person decides. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. phenomenon: distractor-response binding a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: distractor-response binding — note: a second reading reaching the same value from a different sentence. Not applied - a person decides. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → the negative priming paradigm (review by Fox) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extends → the negative priming paradigm Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extends → the negative priming paradigm, from which this paradigm originates Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extends → the Stimulus Response Retrieval theory and the Theory of Event Coding Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. critiques → the pure inhibition account of negative priming, which cannot be separated from retrieval in that paradigm differs in: THE AXIS IS WHETHER THE PARADIGM CAN SEPARATE TWO MECHANISMS. 'Quotation withheld' The effect is not disputed; what is disputed is that observing it tells you which mechanism produced it - so every result in that paradigm is evidence for a disjunction. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. instance —same-as→ event file instance event file strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. event file —part-of→ episodic memory event file episodic memory strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. distractor inhibition —part-of→ cognitive control distractor inhibition cognitive control strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. distractor-response binding —contrasted-with→ negative priming distractor-response binding negative priming strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. distractor inhibition —contrasted-with→ response retrieval distractor inhibition response retrieval strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'distractor based retrieval of responses', not 'response retrieval'. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. distractor-response binding —operationalised-as→ response relation distractor-response binding response relation strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but a significant interaction of response relation and distractor relation INDICATES distractor-response binding; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. distractor inhibition —operationalised-as→ distractor relation distractor inhibition distractor relation strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'the main effect of distractor repetition', not 'distractor relation'. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. do-not-respond tag —causes→ negative priming do-not-respond tag negative priming strength of the relation: 0.7 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but endpoint by anaphora: the example follows 'negative priming can be the result of retrieval mechanisms' (previous sentence). Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Gestalt principles —causes→ distractor-response binding Gestalt principles distractor-response binding strength of the relation: 0.8 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but 'another prerequisite SEEMS to be' grouped presentation; 'Gestalt principles' is not in the span and causes is hedged. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ANOVA ANOVA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. interaction effect interaction effect Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. main effect main effect Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. standard error standard error Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. outlier removal outlier removal Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. confidence interval confidence interval Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. explained variance explained variance Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mean mean Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Repeating a distractor speeds responding when the same response must be repeated, because the distractor retrieves a compatible response. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Repeating a distractor slows responding when the response must change, because the distractor retrieves the now-incompatible response. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The paradigm's central advantage is that response retrieval shows up as the response-by-distractor interaction while distractor inhibition shows up as the distractor main effect, so the two mechanisms can be read off separately from the same design. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Distractor-response binding effects become larger with more difficult tasks and thus with longer response times. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The modulation of the binding effect by response time can be represented by one function for all modalities. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. No distractor-response binding effect was found at an onset asynchrony of 1,500 msec. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Presenting target and distractor grouped together appears to be a precondition for the effect. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Error rates usually carry no significant effects because participants commit too few errors. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Imposing an 800 msec response window, or varying the prime-probe gap between 150 and 350 msec, leaves the result pattern intact. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Unpublished data from participants with autism spectrum disorder suggest the effect is obtainable in a clinical sample with the same number of trials. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. distractor-response binding distractor-response binding Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. negative priming effect negative priming effect Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. event file event file Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. instance instance Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. selective attention selective attention Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Stimulus Response Retrieval theory Stimulus Response Retrieval theory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. distractor inhibition distractor inhibition Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. event file event file Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. distractor repetition effect distractor repetition effect Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. response relation response relation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. distractor relation (distractor repetition vs. distractor change) distractor relation (distractor repetition vs. distractor change) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. probe response time probe response time Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. probe error rate probe error rate Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. stimulus arrangement stimulus arrangement Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. target identity repetition target identity repetition Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 180 trials — Total number of experimental trials produced by repeating each of the six trial types 30 times Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 60 trials — Size of the practice block drawn at random before the main experiment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 33 experiments (27 visual, five auditory, one tactile) — Number and modality breakdown of the published experiments whose binding effects are summarised against mean response time Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 50% — Share of the between-experiment variance in binding effects explained by the fitted function of mean response time Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 1,500 msec — Prime-probe onset asynchrony at which no distractor-response binding effect was obtained Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 300 msec — Fixed stimulus presentation duration that still reproduced the binding pattern Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.3791/51571.