Eighteen-Month-Old Infants Show Increased Helping Following Priming with Affiliation

Eighteen-Month-Old Infants Show Increased Helping Following Priming with Affiliation Over Carpenter

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Eighteen-Month-Old Infants Show Increased Helping Following Priming with Affiliation 2009 Psychological Science 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02419.x Over2009-eighteen-month-old-infants-show-increased-he Over2009-eighteen-month-old-infants-show-increased-he.txt, the project's staged copy 945e6cd6937b9f0f2269d2d1cd888c4672f4e933 not-redistributable psychology

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them existence Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. social priming of prosocial helping in infants Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. behavioural-experiment behavioural-experiment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms The affiliation photographs activate a general prosocial orientation, which is then expressed in an unrelated helping act, rather than being copied from what was depicted Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms An implicit, non-conscious link between affiliation to the group and helping is engaged by the prime Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Baseline helping rates were lower than in an earlier helping study, leaving open the alternative reading that the affiliation condition is the true baseline and the other three conditions suppressed helping. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Procedural choices (a single helping opportunity, and a different experimenter interacting with the infant beforehand) probably lowered helping in every condition, so rates are not comparable across studies. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. attentiveness and mood were measured and compared across conditions eliminates: that infants in the together condition simply paid more attention or were in a better mood, and helped more for that reason rather than because of the affiliation prime · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. an INDIVIDUALITY prime condition run alongside the affiliation prime and the baseline eliminates: that any social prime raises helping - the individuality prime shares the format and the social content and should produce the effect if format is what matters · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. affiliation affiliation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. individuality individuality Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. helping helping Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. helping behavior helping behavior Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. prosocial behavior prosocial behavior Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. prosocial orientation prosocial orientation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. affiliative stance affiliative stance Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. back-to-back back-to-back Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. baseline baseline Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mood mood Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. prime - a BACKGROUND element of a photograph whose foreground is an ordinary household object, and the assistant naming the photograph aloud never refers to it. The construct is delivered by what is deliberately not mentioned Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. spontaneous helping - the main dependent measure, and it is defined by a CLOCK rather than by a judgement: within the first 10 s, before the experimenter has spoken to the infant or reached for the sticks herself Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. affiliation - as delivered here, an arrangement of two dolls in the background of a photograph, not a word list or a scenario. The whole construct rests on which way two small wooden figures are turned Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the back-to-back condition - the question it exists to answer, in the authors' own words: whether the effect belongs to the DOLLS or to their RELATION Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. baseline - a condition included not to test the hypothesis but to DISAMBIGUATE THE DIRECTION of the effect: did the affiliation primes raise helping, or the individuality primes lower it Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → Warneken & Tomasello (2006) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. affiliation —causes→ helping behavior affiliation helping behavior direction on the measure: increases · strength of the relation: 0.95 · note: THE DIRECTION IS READ OFF A NAMED COMPARISON, not from the two-group result: the non-social baseline is what distinguishes 'affiliation raised helping' from 'individuality lowered it', and the authors say which in the same sentence. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. individuality —causes→ helping behavior individuality helping behavior direction on the measure: no-change · strength of the relation: 0.1 — the record marks this weak · note: The negative half of the same sentence, kept as its own edge because it is the half a reader would otherwise have to assume. Shares its span with the edge above, declared. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. affiliative stance —causes→ helping affiliative stance helping direction on the measure: increases · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: The back-to-back control holds the number of dolls and the visible proportion of their faces constant, so this edge is about WHICH FEATURE of the prime carries the effect. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. prosocial orientation —causes→ helping prosocial orientation helping direction on the measure: increases · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: SHARED SPAN, DECLARED: also stands under mechanisms[0]. The sentence is the paper's argument against imitation - the primes depict no helping at all - and it is the only place the intervening state is named. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. affiliation —causes→ prosocial orientation affiliation prosocial orientation strength of the relation: 0.7 · note: The theoretical premise, and weighted as one: the sentence says 'we may expect', so this is the expectation the study was designed around rather than something it establishes. Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says direct connections 'may be expected'; causes states an expectation. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mood —causes→ helping mood helping direction on the measure: no-change · strength of the relation: 0.05 — the record marks this weak · note: A RULED-OUT CONFOUND IS EDGE-SHAPED. Mood was rated by parents and looking time was coded for a third of the infants; neither differed across conditions. Recorded so a later reader does not assume the check was never run. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. chi-squared test chi-squared test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ANOVA (F-test) ANOVA (F-test) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Cohen's kappa (interrater reliability) Cohen's kappa (interrater reliability) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. p-rep (probability of replication) p-rep (probability of replication) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mean mean Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Eighteen-month-old infants who saw photographs with an affiliation prime (two dolls facing each other) helped an adult in need more often and more spontaneously than infants primed with individuality (a single doll). Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Spontaneous helping was three times as frequent after the affiliation prime as in each of the alone, baseline and back-to-back control conditions. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Comparison with the non-social baseline shows the direction of the effect: the affiliation prime raised helping rather than the individuality prime lowering it. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. What drove the increase was the affiliative stance of the two dolls toward each other, not the mere presence of two dolls, since the back-to-back condition contained the same two dolls but did not raise helping. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Differences in attentiveness or mood cannot explain the infants' increased helping in the together condition. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Helping itself was never depicted in the primes - the dolls only stood beside one another. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. general measure of helping general measure of helping Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. prosocial behavior prosocial behavior Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. together condition together condition Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. back-to-back condition back-to-back condition Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. infants’ mood infants’ mood Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. sixty — number of 18-month-old infants in the study Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Fifteen — infants per condition (four conditions) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 7 — additional infants tested but excluded from analysis, for parental interference, crying, experimenter error and refusal to look Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Three times — ratio of infants helping spontaneously in the together condition to each control condition Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. w2(1, N 5 60) 5 8.57, two-tailed p 5 .003 — chi-square test of spontaneous helping, together versus pooled controls Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. w2(1, N 5 60) 5 6.43, two-tailed p 5 .011 — chi-square test of overall helping (including after prompting), together versus pooled controls Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Cohen’s k 5 1.00 — interrater agreement on both helping measures for the 20% of tapes double-coded Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 102.2 / 92.8 / 89.6 / 101.4 — mean seconds spent looking at the photographs in the together, alone, baseline and back-to-back conditions Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02419.x.