Neural circuits in Auditory and Audiovisual Memory

Neural circuits in Auditory and Audiovisual Memory Plakke Romanski

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Neural circuits in Auditory and Audiovisual Memory 2016 Brain research 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.042 Plakke2016-neural-circuits-in-auditory-and-audiovisual Plakke2016-neural-circuits-in-auditory-and-audiovisual.txt, the project's staged copy 57db9f80d08a4fe4cb88f959e5e919ea1c321204 not-redistributable neuroscience

the paper's own words

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them the cortical network supporting auditory and audiovisual working memory in non-human primates, and the role of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex within it Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. which cortical regions of the ventral stream are essential for non-spatial auditory working memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. argues that VLPFC is necessary for auditory and audiovisual working memory but not visual, on the strength of reversible cooling inactivation that dissociates the three Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanism Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. auditory working memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. review review Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Cooling VLPFC silences a small anterolateral zone where auditory and multisensory cells are concentrated while visual cells, being spread across dorsal and ventral prefrontal cortex, keep working — producing an auditory/audiovisual deficit with visual memory spared. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Holding an acoustic stimulus already consumes VLPFC storage, so adding a face to remember exhausts the remaining capacity there and the extra item fails when VLPFC is inactivated. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Match enhancement appears earlier in prefrontal cortex than in temporal pole or primary auditory cortex, implying prefrontal top-down feedback drives the mnemonic modulation of the auditory circuit. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. a live dispute about whether an entire taxon has a cognitive capacity is settled by choosing a definition, and the paper says so in those words Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the definition is not inherited but selected from among several, and the selection is announced before any evidence is reviewed Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. and then stipulated operationally for the rest of the review, fixing what will count as an instance Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. inactivation is made reversible and within-subject by cooling rather than lesioning, so each animal is its own control and the manipulation can be repeated Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. memory load is reduced one modality at a time across three experiments, converting a single impairment into a dissociation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the older lesion literature is discounted on two specific grounds - the lesions spanned too much cortex, and the task had no delay so it never tested working memory at all Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. aspiration and electrolytic lesions are noted to sever fibers of passage, so a deficit cannot distinguish damage to a region from interruption of flow through it Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. latency ordering across regions is used to infer direction of influence, with match enhancement appearing earlier in prefrontal cortex than in temporal pole or auditory cortex Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the anatomical explanation for the dissociation is concentration: auditory cells are clustered in one small area while visual cells are spread across the whole prefrontal cortex Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. an alternative reading of the same dissociation is offered in terms of capacity rather than locus - cooling may bite only when the store is already burdened Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. tract tracing from acoustically characterised cortex establishes that the projections exist before any functional claim is made Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The equivalent auditory working-memory recordings have not yet been made in VLPFC itself what this limits: any claim about VLPFC in auditory working memory: IDENTICAL STUDIES OF AUDITORY WORKING MEMORY HAVE YET TO BE CONDUCTED IN VLPFC Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The division of labour between the implicated cortical regions is not yet settled what this limits: the division of labour between the regions: DELINEATING THE PRECISE ROLE THAT IS PLAYED BY EACH OF THESE CORTICAL REGIONS IN ENCODING, MAINTENANCE, AND RETRIEVAL OF AUDITORY STIMULI IS AN ONGOING ENDEAVOR Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Current techniques lack the resolution needed to trace information flow during auditory mnemonic processing what this limits: any claim about information FLOW: TECHNIQUES WITH BETTER TEMPORAL RESOLUTION AND SPATIAL SPECIFICITY ARE NEEDED TO DETERMINE THE PRECISE NATURE OF INFORMATION FLOW DURING AUDITORY MNEMONIC PROCESSING Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The mapping between forms of auditory memory and their circuits remains open what this limits: the mapping from memory type to circuit: THE VARIOUS FORMS OF AUDITORY MEMORY (WORKING, SHORT-TERM, LONG-TERM) AND THE PRECISE NEURONAL CIRCUITS THAT EACH FORM OF MEMORY RELIES ON, IS STILL UNDER INVESTIGATION Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the animal model itself has been the bottleneck for the whole question what this limits: the whole literature's pace: HISTORICALLY, PART OF THE PROBLEM HAS BEEN THE DIFFICULTY IN OBTAINING A ROBUST ANIMAL MODEL TO STUDY AUDITORY SHORT-TERM MEMORY Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the neural substrates remain poorly understood despite extensive knowledge of auditory pathways what this limits: the gap between pathway anatomy and function: ALTHOUGH THERE IS MUCH KNOWN ABOUT AUDITORY PATHWAYS AND PROCESSING, THE UNDERLYING NEURAL SUBSTRATES OF AUDITORY WORKING MEMORY ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. which circuits serve which form of auditory memory is unresolved duplicate of: limitations[3] · what this limits: the same scope as limitations[3] - which circuit serves which form of memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the division of labour among temporal regions is not yet established duplicate of: limitations[1] · what this limits: the same scope as limitations[1] - the regional division of labour Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. current techniques lack the resolution the question needs duplicate of: limitations[2] · what this limits: the same scope as limitations[2] - resolution limits on information-flow claims Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the DLPFC recordings are hard to interpret because responses there track task rather than stimulus type what this limits: the DLPFC recordings: RESPONSES IN DLPFC APPEAR TO BE MORE TASK-RELATED AND LESS DEPENDENT ON TYPE OF STIMULI Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. training non-human primates on auditory tasks takes far longer than on matched visual tasks, which shapes which experiments exist at all what this limits: which experiments exist at all: IT TYPICALLY TAKES LONGER TO TRAIN NHPs TO LEARN AN AUDITORY DISCRIMINATION OR MEMORY TASK THAN TO LEARN A SIMILAR TASK USING VISUAL STIMULI Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the delayed match-to-sample paradigm and the match enhancement/suppression indices, carried across to audition where the tasks proved far harder to train Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. call-sequence comprehension in the wild, used as evidence that primates possess auditory memory before any laboratory task is invoked Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. reversible cooling deactivation, and the dorsal/ventral dissociation it produced, imported as both method and expected result pattern Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ventrolateral PFC ventrolateral PFC Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. dorsolateral PFC dorsolateral PFC Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. working memory - as the Baddeley multi-component system versus as Goldman-Rakic hold-and-update; the review names both and picks the second Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. working memory - the chosen definition stated in full, which is what makes the rest of the review's evidence admissible Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. auditory working memory in monkeys - as a genuine capacity versus as passive short-term memory; a disagreement about a taxon that turns on which term applies Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. auditory working memory - stipulated operationally for this review, fixing what counts as an instance of it Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. auditory memory - recognising the TYPE of a sound (intact) versus recalling the specific sound heard (impaired); one task splitting into two capacities Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. forgetting - by decay with time versus by interference from other items; both argued to operate once rehearsal is controlled Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. match response - enhancement in prefrontal cortex versus suppression in temporal regions, one recognition event with opposite signs Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. claim_type: mechanism a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: mechanism — note: a second reading reaching the same value from a different sentence. Not applied - a person decides. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. method: review of lesion, neurophysiological and neuroimaging work, culminating in the authors' own reversible cortical cooling of VLPFC during an audiovisual delayed nonmatch-to-sample task a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: review — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. phenomenon: auditory working memory - holding and updating recently heard sounds over seconds a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: auditory working memory — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → Scott et al., 2012; Scott et al., 2013 (claim that non-human primates lack auditory working memory) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extends → Hwang and Romanski (2015) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → Plakke et al. (2015) VLPFC cooling inactivation experiments Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → Scott et al. (2012, 2013), that non-human primates lack auditory working memory and have only passive short-term memory differs in: THE AXIS IS WHETHER THE DEMONSTRATED ABILITY MEETS THE DEFINITION. 'Although NHP's auditory memory abilities may be less than their capacities for remembering visual information they have demonstrated the ability to DISCRIMINATE AND REMEMBER AUDITORY SOUNDS OVER SEVERAL SECONDS, WHICH IS, BY DEFINITION, AUDITORY WORKING ME[MORY].' The weaker performance is conceded and the categorical claim is refused on definitional grounds - so the disagreement is about whether a smaller capacity is still the same faculty. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. critiques → the early prefrontal lesion studies, for lesions spanning too much cortex and for a task with no delay Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. critiques → aspiration and electrolytic lesion methods generally, which cannot separate damage to a region from interruption of fibers passing through it differs in: THE AXIS IS WHETHER FIBRES OF PASSAGE ARE DAMAGED. 'Since Quotation withheld, we must look to additional lesion studies.' A whole generation of results cannot distinguish removing a region from cutting what runs through it - and the critique applies to the technique, so it lands on every study that used it regardless of what each found. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extends → Hwang and Romanski (2015), from correlational single-unit responses to a necessity claim via inactivation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → Romanski and Goldman-Rakic, that VLPFC neurons respond to complex sounds and species-specific vocalizations but not to simple stimuli differs in: THE AXIS IS STIMULUS COMPLEXITY. 'Quotation withheld.' A region characterised by what it does NOT respond to as much as by what it does - so a study using tones would find VLPFC silent and conclude it is not auditory. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. supports → the body of single-unit and neuroimaging work implicating ventral PFC in auditory working memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. auditory working memory —contrasted-with→ passive short-term memory auditory working memory passive short-term memory strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. auditory working memory —operationalised-as→ delayed match-to-sample auditory working memory delayed match-to-sample strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span describes recognizing 'matching or nonmatching auditory stimuli, over a period of several seconds', not 'delayed match-to-sample'. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. central executive —part-of→ working memory central executive working memory strength of the relation: 0.95 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ventrolateral prefrontal cortex —causes→ auditory working memory ventrolateral prefrontal cortex auditory working memory strength of the relation: 0.9 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ventrolateral prefrontal cortex —part-of→ auditory ventral stream ventrolateral prefrontal cortex auditory ventral stream strength of the relation: 0.85 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the inactivation evidence 'SUGGESTS' the VLPFC is a major end point of the ventral stream; part-of is hedged. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. match enhancement —contrasted-with→ match suppression match enhancement match suppression strength of the relation: 0.9 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. delay suppression —operationalised-as→ working memory delay suppression working memory strength of the relation: 0.85 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but delay suppression is 'THOUGHT TO represent' a form of active maintenance; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. RETRACTED (THE 'from' ENDPOINT IS OVER-SPECIFIED AND UNATTESTED) · decay —contrasted-with→ proactive interference decay proactive interference RETRACTED: THE 'from' ENDPOINT IS OVER-SPECIFIED AND UNATTESTED. The edge is 'decay --contrasted-with--> proactive interference'. The span: 'MEMORY PERFORMANCE THAN…' The contrast is real and well drawn - interference against decay, with a citation on each side - AND THE SPAN SAYS 'INTERFERENCE', NOT 'PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE'. Proactive interference is a specific kind, distinguished in this literature from retroactive; the qualifier was supplied. TRUE OF THE FIELD, NOT IN THE SPAN, and the endpoint test caught it where reading past it would not have. — strength of the relation: 0.95 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span weighs interference against decay in memory loss; contrasted-with names only one side. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ventrolateral prefrontal cortex —contrasted-with→ dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ventrolateral prefrontal cortex dorsolateral prefrontal cortex strength of the relation: 0.9 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. species-specific vocalizations —causes→ ventrolateral prefrontal cortex species-specific vocalizations ventrolateral prefrontal cortex strength of the relation: 0.9 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but VLPFC neurons RESPOND to species-specific vocalizations; causes is loose. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ventrolateral PFC —contrasted-with→ dorsolateral PFC ventrolateral PFC dorsolateral PFC the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 1 · note: RE-GROUNDS the record's ventrolateral/dorsolateral edge, whose span named neither endpoint. The paper states the contrast using ABBREVIATIONS; 'normalised' maps them onto the full names the record already carries. · the relation stated: the two subregions are given DIFFERENT roles: dorsolateral similar across modalities, ventrolateral the locus for auditory and audiovisual working memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Cooling the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex significantly impaired detection of both auditory and visual mismatches when monkeys had to hold a face-voice pair in memory. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. When only the face had to be remembered, VLPFC cooling left performance intact. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. When only the vocalization had to be remembered, VLPFC cooling significantly reduced accuracy. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Across the three cooling experiments VLPFC proved necessary for auditory and audiovisual working memory but dispensable for visual working memory. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The inactivation results place VLPFC as a necessary endpoint of the auditory ventral stream for auditory cognition rather than merely a correlated node. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Visually responsive prefrontal neurons are distributed across both dorsal and ventral prefrontal cortex, whereas auditory-responsive cells are confined to VLPFC. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Anterior auditory belt regions project to the frontal pole, to ventrolateral prefrontal areas 12vl, 12 orbital and 45, and to the rostral principal sulcus. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Caudal auditory cortex, which codes sound location, targets a different frontal set: the caudal principal sulcus, frontal eye fields and dorsal premotor cortex. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Auditory memory is more susceptible to interference and less robust than visual memory. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. During auditory memory, distraction in the delay may matter more than the length of the delay itself. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cooling VLPFC impaired both auditory and visual mismatch detection when both components had to be held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. with only the face to remember, cooling VLPFC did nothing; with only the vocalization, it impaired performance Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the auditory deficit appeared at a delay as short as 1.25 seconds Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. monkeys remember fewer auditory than visual items Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. auditory memory is more susceptible to interference and less robust than visual memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. humans show steeper forgetting curves for auditory than visual material, as monkeys do WHOSE RESULT THIS IS: studies of typical human subjects have demonstrated - THE SUBJECT OF THIS RESULT IS AN INDEFINITE STUDY, NOT THIS PAPER. 'Previous studies reported', 'studies in guinea pig showed', 'recent studies have reported' - somebody else's work under a common noun rather than a name, with a citation in the sentence and no first-person marker. The quote is verbatim and the claim is true; only the attribution is wrong. FOUND BY MEASURING MY OWN CUE'S RECALL: the first sweep required a NAMED author as the subject ('Sperling (1960) demonstrated') and found 17. Reading eleven citation-bearing findings on 'Plakke2016' by hand showed four the cue could not see - 'A study examining…', 'studies of typical…', 'A follow up study found' - so the named cue's 17 was a floor and not a count. A CUE'S FALSE POSITIVES TELL YOU NOTHING ABOUT ITS FALSE NEGATIVES, and the only way to find these was to read a record's whole layer. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. people recognised recently heard sounds significantly worse than recently seen pictures WHOSE RESULT THIS IS: A study examining recognition found - THE SUBJECT OF THIS RESULT IS AN INDEFINITE STUDY, NOT THIS PAPER. 'Previous studies reported', 'studies in guinea pig showed', 'recent studies have reported' - somebody else's work under a common noun rather than a name, with a citation in the sentence and no first-person marker. The quote is verbatim and the claim is true; only the attribution is wrong. FOUND BY MEASURING MY OWN CUE'S RECALL: the first sweep required a NAMED author as the subject ('Sperling (1960) demonstrated') and found 17. Reading eleven citation-bearing findings on 'Plakke2016' by hand showed four the cue could not see - 'A study examining…', 'studies of typical…', 'A follow up study found' - so the named cue's 17 was a floor and not a count. A CUE'S FALSE POSITIVES TELL YOU NOTHING ABOUT ITS FALSE NEGATIVES, and the only way to find these was to read a record's whole layer. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. they could still name the sound type, so long-term recognition was intact while memory for the specific token was not Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. musicians have better auditory memory than non-musicians and still recognise pictures better than sounds WHOSE RESULT THIS IS: A follow up study found - THE SUBJECT OF THIS RESULT IS AN INDEFINITE STUDY, NOT THIS PAPER. 'Previous studies reported', 'studies in guinea pig showed', 'recent studies have reported' - somebody else's work under a common noun rather than a name, with a citation in the sentence and no first-person marker. The quote is verbatim and the claim is true; only the attribution is wrong. FOUND BY MEASURING MY OWN CUE'S RECALL: the first sweep required a NAMED author as the subject ('Sperling (1960) demonstrated') and found 17. Reading eleven citation-bearing findings on 'Plakke2016' by hand showed four the cue could not see - 'A study examining…', 'studies of typical…', 'A follow up study found' - so the named cue's 17 was a floor and not a count. A CUE'S FALSE POSITIVES TELL YOU NOTHING ABOUT ITS FALSE NEGATIVES, and the only way to find these was to read a record's whole layer. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. nonverbal auditory recall starts to decline around 30 seconds Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. tone memory fell to near chance when distractor tones filled the interval Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. superior temporal lesions impaired performance at every delay tested and survived extensive retraining Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. rostral STG lesions spared performance below 10 seconds and impaired it beyond Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. about 35% of rostral superior temporal neurons modulated firing during the delay, half of them by suppression Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. dorsal temporal pole neurons showed match suppression as early as 31-60 ms WHOSE RESULT THIS IS: match suppression at an early latency of 31-60 ms ( Ng et al., 2014 ). - THE RESULT IS THE CITED WORK'S AND THE CITATION TRAILS THE SENTENCE. A plain noun phrase is the subject of the result verb and the attribution is a bracket at the end - 'Neurons within…'. Neither of my two cues could see this shape, so THESE WERE READ RATHER THAN SWEPT: 36 candidates of the shape, 20 read, 11 marked, 9 refused. THE REFUSALS ARE WHY IT IS NOT A CUE: 'Aru2012 findings[16]' is the paper's OWN result with a citation supporting the localisation, 'Natan2015 findings[3]' ends 'consistent with previous findings ( Szymanski et al., 2009 )' where the main clause is the paper's, and 'Drieu2019' x3 are 'One cannot entirely rule out...' - a limitation, not an attribution. About 55% precise, which is a list to read and not a sweep to run. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. auditory-responsive cells are confined to VLPFC while visual cells spread across dorsal and ventral prefrontal cortex Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. VLPFC single cells track which component of a face-voice pair changed Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cooling VLPFC hit a large proportion of auditory and multisensory cells while sparing visual ones Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. working memory working memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. proactive interference proactive interference Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. delay suppression delay suppression WHOSE RESULT THIS IS: participants were remembering auditory stimuli ( Linke et al., 2011 ). - THE RESULT IS THE CITED WORK'S AND THE CITATION TRAILS THE SENTENCE. A plain noun phrase is the subject of the result verb and the attribution is a bracket at the end - 'Neurons within…'. Neither of my two cues could see this shape, so THESE WERE READ RATHER THAN SWEPT: 36 candidates of the shape, 20 read, 11 marked, 9 refused. THE REFUSALS ARE WHY IT IS NOT A CUE: 'Aru2012 findings[16]' is the paper's OWN result with a citation supporting the localisation, 'Natan2015 findings[3]' ends 'consistent with previous findings ( Szymanski et al., 2009 )' where the main clause is the paper's, and 'Drieu2019' x3 are 'One cannot entirely rule out...' - a limitation, not an attribution. About 55% precise, which is a list to read and not a sweep to run. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. passive short-term memory passive short-term memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Working memory Working memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. working memory working memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. auditory working memory auditory working memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. central executive central executive Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Delay suppression Delay suppression WHOSE RESULT THIS IS: participants were remembering auditory stimuli ( Linke et al., 2011 ). - THE RESULT IS THE CITED WORK'S AND THE CITATION TRAILS THE SENTENCE. A plain noun phrase is the subject of the result verb and the attribution is a bracket at the end - 'Neurons within…'. Neither of my two cues could see this shape, so THESE WERE READ RATHER THAN SWEPT: 36 candidates of the shape, 20 read, 11 marked, 9 refused. THE REFUSALS ARE WHY IT IS NOT A CUE: 'Aru2012 findings[16]' is the paper's OWN result with a citation supporting the localisation, 'Natan2015 findings[3]' ends 'consistent with previous findings ( Szymanski et al., 2009 )' where the main clause is the paper's, and 'Drieu2019' x3 are 'One cannot entirely rule out...' - a limitation, not an attribution. About 55% precise, which is a list to read and not a sweep to run. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. proactive interference proactive interference Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cortical cooling cortical cooling Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. delay delay Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. memory load memory load Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. performance accuracy performance accuracy Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 35% — share of rostral superior temporal cortex neurons that modulated firing rate during the delay period, half of them showing delay suppression Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 31-60 ms — latency at which dorsal temporal pole neurons showed match suppression WHOSE RESULT THIS IS: match suppression at an early latency of 31-60 ms ( Ng et al., 2014 ). - THE RESULT IS THE CITED WORK'S AND THE CITATION TRAILS THE SENTENCE. A plain noun phrase is the subject of the result verb and the attribution is a bracket at the end - 'Neurons within…'. Neither of my two cues could see this shape, so THESE WERE READ RATHER THAN SWEPT: 36 candidates of the shape, 20 read, 11 marked, 9 refused. THE REFUSALS ARE WHY IT IS NOT A CUE: 'Aru2012 findings[16]' is the paper's OWN result with a citation supporting the localisation, 'Natan2015 findings[3]' ends 'consistent with previous findings ( Szymanski et al., 2009 )' where the main clause is the paper's, and 'Drieu2019' x3 are 'One cannot entirely rule out...' - a limitation, not an attribution. About 55% precise, which is a list to read and not a sweep to run. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 100 — trials performed per WARM or COLD block in the cooling experiments Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 1.25 second — delay at which the auditory working memory deficit from VLPFC cooling already appeared in both monkeys Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. .5, 4 and 32 seconds — cue-to-test delays used in the superior temporal gyrus lesion study of auditory same-different discrimination Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 10 seconds — delay below which rostral STG lesions left auditory memory performance unimpaired Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 30 seconds — point at which human recall of nonverbal auditory stimuli begins to decline Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 1.25 second — the short delay at which VLPFC cooling still impaired auditory memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. approximately 35% — rostral superior temporal neurons modulating firing during the delay Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 31-60 ms — latency of match suppression in dorsal temporal pole WHOSE RESULT THIS IS: match suppression at an early latency of 31-60 ms ( Ng et al., 2014 ). - THE RESULT IS THE CITED WORK'S AND THE CITATION TRAILS THE SENTENCE. A plain noun phrase is the subject of the result verb and the attribution is a bracket at the end - 'Neurons within…'. Neither of my two cues could see this shape, so THESE WERE READ RATHER THAN SWEPT: 36 candidates of the shape, 20 read, 11 marked, 9 refused. THE REFUSALS ARE WHY IT IS NOT A CUE: 'Aru2012 findings[16]' is the paper's OWN result with a citation supporting the localisation, 'Natan2015 findings[3]' ends 'consistent with previous findings ( Szymanski et al., 2009 )' where the main clause is the paper's, and 'Drieu2019' x3 are 'One cannot entirely rule out...' - a limitation, not an attribution. About 55% precise, which is a list to read and not a sweep to run. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 10 seconds — the delay beyond which rostral STG lesions impaired performance Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. around 30 seconds — when human nonverbal auditory recall begins to decline Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. forgetting curves forgetting curves WHOSE RESULT THIS IS: studies of typical human subjects have demonstrated - THE SUBJECT OF THIS RESULT IS AN INDEFINITE STUDY, NOT THIS PAPER. 'Previous studies reported', 'studies in guinea pig showed', 'recent studies have reported' - somebody else's work under a common noun rather than a name, with a citation in the sentence and no first-person marker. The quote is verbatim and the claim is true; only the attribution is wrong. FOUND BY MEASURING MY OWN CUE'S RECALL: the first sweep required a NAMED author as the subject ('Sperling (1960) demonstrated') and found 17. Reading eleven citation-bearing findings on 'Plakke2016' by hand showed four the cue could not see - 'A study examining…', 'studies of typical…', 'A follow up study found' - so the named cue's 17 was a floor and not a count. A CUE'S FALSE POSITIVES TELL YOU NOTHING ABOUT ITS FALSE NEGATIVES, and the only way to find these was to read a record's whole layer. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. near chance levels near chance levels Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.042.