Neural correlates of learning and working memory in the primate posterior parietal cortex

Neural correlates of learning and working memory in the primate posterior parietal cortex Rawley Constantinidis

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Neural correlates of learning and working memory in the primate posterior parietal cortex 2009 Neurobiology of learning and memory 10.1016/j.nlm.2008.12.006 Rawley2009-neural-correlates-of-learning-and-working-me Rawley2009-neural-correlates-of-learning-and-working-me.txt, the project's staged copy 8359344b40ffd53aa6c7d82edca85c12e3d690a8 not-redistributable neuroscience

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them what the primate posterior parietal cortex contributes to working memory and to learning, against a tradition that assigned both to prefrontal cortex Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. whether parietal activity during memory and after training is a distinct contribution or a copy of the prefrontal signal Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. collects the evidence that parietal neurons hold stimuli after they vanish and are reshaped by training, and identifies distractor resistance as the property that separates parietal from prefrontal memory activity Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. existence Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. working memory and learning in posterior parietal cortex Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. review review Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Delay-period activity is sustained because reciprocally connected pyramidal neurons re-excite each other, so discharges keep reverberating around the recurrent circuit after the stimulus is gone. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Slow postsynaptic receptors (NMDA) keep the postsynaptic cell excited long enough for sparse presynaptic inputs to accumulate, which is what allows low-firing-rate cortical neurons to sustain reverberation. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Damage to spatial working memory nodes destroys the record of which locations have already been searched, and that failure of book-keeping in the good hemifield compounds the failure to attend to the contralesional one. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Parietal episodic-memory deficits arise because bottom-up processes no longer capture attention toward internally stored memories, so unprompted recall misses details that a top-down cue can still retrieve. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. sustained activity is modelled as reverberation in recurrent excitatory loops that keeps firing after the stimulus is gone Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the slow NMDA receptor is proposed as the element that lets sparse pyramidal firing sustain itself Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. such networks settle into attractor states, with or without oscillation depending on the instantiation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. spiking may not be the only carrier - intracellular and synaptic mechanisms are left open Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. training changes what parietal neurons are selective for: colour selectivity appears when colour becomes task-relevant Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The review's physiological coverage is restricted to areas LIP and 7a rather than the whole of posterior parietal cortex. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The evidence base lacks direct multi-area comparisons in monkeys, so functional differences between parietal areas are not firmly established. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The monkey-to-human mapping of parietal subdivisions that the review relies on is unresolved. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the correspondence between monkey and human parietal areas remains unclear, because few studies compare several areas directly Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. competing naming schemes and areas present in one species' atlas but not the other have impeded functional correspondence Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the boundary of the region itself is defined loosely, by sulci Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the psychological subsystems of working memory are functional units and should not be read as brain regions Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Baddeley's four-subsystem model of working memory, imported as the framework for describing what is held and manipulated Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. attractor dynamics, used to describe how a recurrent network holds a state Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the neglect syndrome, the signature deficit after parietal damage and the original evidence for parietal function Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. neglect neglect Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. set shifting set shifting Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. working memory and short-term memory name the SAME system; the newer term marks an emphasis on manipulation rather than storage, not a different referent Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. posterior parietal cortex has no single delineation: Brodmann, von Economo-Koskinas and von Bonin-Bailey each name the same tissue differently, and areas 39 and 40 exist in the human scheme but not the monkey one Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. central executive, visual-spatial sketchpad and phonological loop are FUNCTIONAL units of a psychological model, explicitly not anatomical ones Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. egocentric and allocentric are two frames of reference, the second phylogenetically recent and late-developing in humans Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. this record is a REVIEW - every finding in it is another paper's, and the quotes are the reviewers' summary rather than a primary report Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. claim_type: existence a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: existence — note: a second reading reaching the same value from a different sentence. Not applied - a person decides. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. method: narrative review of monkey single-unit recording, human imaging, lesion and stimulation studies; no new data a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: review — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. phenomenon: sustained neuronal discharge representing a stimulus that is no longer present a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: working memory and learning in posterior parietal cortex — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. qualifies → the tradition assigning working memory to prefrontal cortex alone Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. critiques → attempts to map Baddeley's working memory subsystems onto brain regions differs in: THE AXIS IS FUNCTIONAL VERSUS ANATOMICAL INDIVIDUATION. 'these working memory subsystems refer to functional rather than anatomical units ... For example, the prefrontal cortex seems a logical functional neural analogue to the central executive. However, physiological evidence indicates that prefrontal neurons in area 46 represent spatial and ob[ject information].' The mapping from a model component to a brain region is denied as an identity while kept as an analogy. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. critiques → the cross-species area nomenclature inherited from the pioneering anatomists Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. supports → reverberatory recurrent-network accounts of sustained delay activity Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. reconciles → prefrontal and parietal accounts of delay activity, by assigning them different roles in one network Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. posterior parietal cortex —distinct-from→ prefrontal cortex posterior parietal cortex prefrontal cortex strength of the relation: 1 · note: CRITERION: parietal memory activity is overwritten by an intervening distractor and prefrontal activity is not. The two are indistinguishable on the usual measure - see the identical-percentages finding - and separated by this one manipulation Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'parietal cortex' / 'frontal cortical neurons', not the two full names. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. working memory —same-as→ short-term memory working memory short-term memory strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: SAME REFERENT, different emphasis - the paper says outright that the newer term does not name a different system. Neither synonymy by fiat nor a renaming across fields: a reframing Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. visual-spatial sketchpad —operationalised-as→ posterior parietal cortex visual-spatial sketchpad posterior parietal cortex strength of the relation: 0.4 — the record marks this weak · note: OFFERED IN THE CONCLUSION AND HEDGED ('could provide'). The body of the same paper denies this mapping at the level of the region pair - see the mapping-declined limitation. Weight kept low deliberately Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but PPC activity 'COULD PROVIDE a physiological correlate' to the sketchpad; operationalised-as is hedged. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. RETRACTED (NEITHER ENDPOINT IS ATTESTED AS WRITTEN) · area 7a —part-of→ posterior parietal cortex area 7a posterior parietal cortex RETRACTED: NEITHER ENDPOINT IS ATTESTED AS WRITTEN. The edge is 'area 7a --part-of--> posterior parietal cortex'. The span: 'PARIETAL AREAS 7A…' The paper writes 'parietal areas 7a and LIP'; the edge writes 'area 7a' and 'posterior…'. THE CONTAINMENT IS TRUE OF THE FIELD - 7a is a posterior parietal area - AND THE SPAN NEVER SAYS IT, which is the commonest fault in this corpus and one this edge shares with the 66 expanded-endpoint rows measured this hour. Predates the endpoint check and would be refused today. Found by the neighbour query. — strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'parietal areas 7a and LIP', not 'posterior parietal cortex'. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · LIP —part-of→ posterior parietal cortex LIP posterior parietal cortex EVIDENCE CORRECTED: RE-GROUNDED. The old span compared prefrontal and parietal neurons without naming LIP's container. This sentence names both: working memory activity 'in the posterior parietal…' described as 'discharges in monkey AREA LIP'. — strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. spectral power —operationalised-as→ selective attention spectral power selective attention strength of the relation: 0.7 · note: a decrease at 5-10 Hz distinguishes attending from remembering, in trained animals Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but attention and maintenance were CHARACTERIZED BY decreased 5-10 Hz power; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Parietal memory-related activity is disrupted by intervening distractors and represents whichever stimulus appeared most recently, relevant or not. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The proportion of neurons showing working-memory activity is essentially the same in parietal areas 7a and LIP as in prefrontal areas 46 and FEF. WHOSE RESULT THIS IS: LIP and prefrontal areas 46 and FEF ( Chafee & Goldman-Rakic, 1998 ). - THE RESULT IS THE CITED WORK'S AND THE CITATION TRAILS THE SENTENCE. A plain noun phrase is the subject of the result verb and the attribution is a bracket at the end - 'Neurons within the dorsal temporal pole demonstrated match suppression ... ( Ng et al., 2014 )'. Neither of my two cues could see this shape, so THESE WERE READ RATHER THAN SWEPT: 36 candidates of the shape, 20 read, 11 marked, 9 refused. THE REFUSALS ARE WHY IT IS NOT A CUE: 'Aru2012 findings[16]' is the paper's OWN result with a citation supporting the localisation, 'Natan2015 findings[3]' ends 'consistent with previous findings ( Szymanski et al., 2009 )' where the main clause is the paper's, and 'Drieu2019' x3 are 'One cannot entirely rule out...' - a limitation, not an attribution. About 55% precise, which is a list to read and not a sweep to run. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Area 7a neurons hold the remembered location of a visual stimulus even when no motor response to it is planned, so the signal is mnemonic rather than motor-preparatory. WHOSE RESULT THIS IS: studies in area 7a demonstrated - THE SUBJECT OF THIS RESULT IS AN INDEFINITE STUDY, NOT THIS PAPER. 'Previous studies reported', 'studies in guinea pig showed', 'recent studies have reported' - somebody else's work under a common noun rather than a name, with a citation in the sentence and no first-person marker. The quote is verbatim and the claim is true; only the attribution is wrong. FOUND BY MEASURING MY OWN CUE'S RECALL: the first sweep required a NAMED author as the subject ('Sperling (1960) demonstrated') and found 17. Reading eleven citation-bearing findings on 'Plakke2016' by hand showed four the cue could not see - 'A study examining recognition found', 'studies of typical human subjects have demonstrated', 'A follow up study found' - so the named cue's 17 was a floor and not a count. A CUE'S FALSE POSITIVES TELL YOU NOTHING ABOUT ITS FALSE NEGATIVES, and the only way to find these was to read a record's whole layer. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Attending to and holding a stimulus in working memory was marked by distinct firing patterns, notably lower spectral power at 5-10 Hz. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Colour selectivity in posterior parietal neurons, normally low, increases once colour becomes the cue that signifies which eye movement to make. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. TMS during the delay period slows responses whether applied over prefrontal or parietal cortex, but TMS during the decision period impairs performance only over prefrontal cortex. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Monkeys trained on a salience-detection task signal the target faster and with more discriminable activity than untrained monkeys, although the overall response pattern is unchanged. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Imaging meta-analysis places area 7 in every executive component of working memory tested - ordering, updating and manipulating items - as well as in spatial content. WHOSE RESULT THIS IS: studies involving working memory tasks revealed - THE SUBJECT OF THIS RESULT IS AN INDEFINITE STUDY, NOT THIS PAPER. 'Previous studies reported', 'studies in guinea pig showed', 'recent studies have reported' - somebody else's work under a common noun rather than a name, with a citation in the sentence and no first-person marker. The quote is verbatim and the claim is true; only the attribution is wrong. FOUND BY MEASURING MY OWN CUE'S RECALL: the first sweep required a NAMED author as the subject ('Sperling (1960) demonstrated') and found 17. Reading eleven citation-bearing findings on 'Plakke2016' by hand showed four the cue could not see - 'A study examining recognition found', 'studies of typical human subjects have demonstrated', 'A follow up study found' - so the named cue's 17 was a floor and not a count. A CUE'S FALSE POSITIVES TELL YOU NOTHING ABOUT ITS FALSE NEGATIVES, and the only way to find these was to read a record's whole layer. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. parietal and prefrontal cortex show virtually identical proportions of neurons with working memory responses Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. parietal delay activity is overwritten by an intervening distractor; prefrontal activity is not Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. TMS over prefrontal cortex disrupted the decision phase of a memory task while TMS over parietal cortex did not Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cooling either PPC or PFC profoundly affects the output of neurons in the other Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. parietal neurons acquire colour selectivity when colour becomes task-relevant, having had little before Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. trained animals' parietal neurons signalled the target faster and more discriminably than naive animals' WHOSE RESULT THIS IS: studies revealed - THE SUBJECT OF THIS RESULT IS AN INDEFINITE STUDY, NOT THIS PAPER. 'Previous studies reported', 'studies in guinea pig showed', 'recent studies have reported' - somebody else's work under a common noun rather than a name, with a citation in the sentence and no first-person marker. The quote is verbatim and the claim is true; only the attribution is wrong. FOUND BY MEASURING MY OWN CUE'S RECALL: the first sweep required a NAMED author as the subject ('Sperling (1960) demonstrated') and found 17. Reading eleven citation-bearing findings on 'Plakke2016' by hand showed four the cue could not see - 'A study examining recognition found', 'studies of typical human subjects have demonstrated', 'A follow up study found' - so the named cue's 17 was a floor and not a count. A CUE'S FALSE POSITIVES TELL YOU NOTHING ABOUT ITS FALSE NEGATIVES, and the only way to find these was to read a record's whole layer. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. attention and memory maintenance were characterized by a fall in 5-10 Hz spectral power Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. two patients with frontal lesions and no neglect still failed spatial working memory, dissociating the two deficits Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the Corsi task was modified to put all items on the vertical midline, removing the attentional bias from the memory measure Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. MAPPING DECLINED: the parietal-prefrontal specialisation does not correspond to Baddeley's subsystems, since both regions do visual-spatial and executive work Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. MAPPING OFFERED, HEDGED: the conclusion nonetheless proposes parietal activity as a possible correlate of the visual-spatial sketchpad Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. alternative accounts of what sustained prefrontal activity represents are listed without adjudication Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. working memory working memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. chunking chunking Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. set shifting set shifting Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Balint's syndrome Balint's syndrome Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. memory simultanagnosia memory simultanagnosia Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. sensorimotor transformations sensorimotor transformations Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. selective attention selective attention Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. working memory working memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. short-term memory short-term memory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. chunking chunking Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. set shifting set shifting Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. neglect neglect Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. attractor attractor Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 5 cm — the distance from the face within which "ultranear" VIP neurons encode a visual stimulus Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 5–10 Hz — the frequency band in which spectral power of parietal spike trains drops during attention and working-memory maintenance after training Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 5-10 Hz — the band whose power falls during attention and memory maintenance after training Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. areas 5, 7, 40 and 39 — the human Brodmann areas making up posterior parietal cortex, two of which have no monkey counterpart Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. four — subsystems in the current Baddeley model, all functional rather than anatomical Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. meta-analysis meta-analysis Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. distracting stimuli distracting stimuli Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. delay period delay period Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. spectral power spectral power Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2008.12.006.