Using direct and indirect measures to study perception without awareness

Using direct and indirect measures to study perception without awareness Reingold Merikle

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Using direct and indirect measures to study perception without awareness 1988 Perception & Psychophysics 10.3758/bf03207490 Reingold1988-using-direct-and-indirect-measures-to-study Reingold1988-using-direct-and-indirect-measures-to-study.txt, the project's staged copy 4decf96467cb16b7b7b8b69db9ae6edc40cf0936 not-redistributable cognitive-psychology

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them method Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. perception without awareness Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. behavioural-experiment behavioural-experiment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Instructing an observer to respond on a given stimulus dimension makes them exploit whatever conscious information about that dimension exists, which is why a direct task can never be beaten by an indirect one on conscious information. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Apparent direct/indirect dissociations can be manufactured by measuring the two indexes on different stimulus states and displays, so the gap reflects unequal discrimination difficulty rather than unconscious perception. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The empirical conclusion may not generalise beyond the specific display and stimulus parameters used. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Because the indirect measure was the less sensitive one, the experiments themselves settle nothing about unconscious perception. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The paper cannot explain why its familiarity/duration correlation runs opposite to Avant's, and leaves that to future work. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The field's results are stated to be inconclusive because it has no agreed measure of its central term, not because the experiments are poor. what this limits: the accumulated literature on perception without awareness: the paper states definitive results have been elusive in the absence of consensus on what constitutes an adequate measure of awareness Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Whether the available measures are even comparable to one another is stated to be unknowable without a framework that does not exist. what this limits: comparing results across studies that used different awareness measures: the paper states it is impossible to know whether those measures are adequate or comparable Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The opposing position is rejected on the ground that the thing it depends on cannot be observed. what this limits: any claim that a direct discrimination reflects intentional responding: the paper states an observer's intentions cannot be directly observed or measured Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The paper's own diagnosis is that decades of experimental work could not settle the question because the field had no agreed measure of the thing being denied. An empirical programme is stalled by a definitional gap, and the remedy offered is not a better definition but a weaker assumption - an ordering between two sensitivities rather than a claim that either instrument is complete. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. presentation order and word length completely counterbalanced within each block of 24 trials eliminates: order effects and word-length effects, either of which could produce a difference between the direct and indirect measures the paper is comparing · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. dissociation paradigm dissociation paradigm Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. measure of awareness measure of awareness Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. direct measures direct measures Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. exhaustiveness assumption exhaustiveness assumption Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. null sensitivity null sensitivity Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. indirect measure indirect measure Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. measure of perception - DIRECT: subjects are explicitly instructed to perform the discriminations of interest, which is what makes the measure direct Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. measure of perception - INDIRECT: one index assumed to indicate availability to awareness, the other assumed to indicate availability of the information regardless of awareness Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. perception without awareness - A LITERATURE BLOCKED BY A DEFINITIONAL GAP RATHER THAN BY DATA: 'definitive results have been elusive IN THE ABSENCE OF ANY GENERAL CONSENSUS AS TO WHAT CONSTITUTES AN ADEQUATE MEASURE OF AWARENESS.' The proposed fix does not settle the definition but MINIMISES what must be assumed - 'THE ONLY ASSUMPTION required by the proposed approach is that the sensitivity of direct discriminations to relevant conscious information is greater than or equal to' that of comparable indirect ones Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → Avant and Thieman (1985) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → Avant & Lyman (1975); Avant et al. (1975); Avant & Thieman (1985) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. replicates → the filled-duration illusion (Allan, 1979; Craig, 1973; Goldfarb & Goldstone, 1963) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. direct measures —operationalised-as→ measure of awareness direct measures measure of awareness differs in: WHETHER THE EXHAUSTIVENESS ASSUMPTION IS MADE. Reading a null on a direct measure as an absence of awareness 'can be true ONLY IF it is also assumed that direct measures provide AN EXHAUSTIVE MEASURE of conscious perceptual experience. Quotation withheld, given conscious perceptual experience' · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: A NULL MEASUREMENT MEANS ABSENCE ONLY IF THE INSTRUMENT IS EXHAUSTIVE, and the assumption is usually implicit - the paper calls it 'another IMPLICIT assumption underlying many recent…'. This is the 1988 psychology statement of the problem that a verifier cannot report absence. Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span discusses the ASSUMPTION that direct measures are exhaustive measures of awareness; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. indirect measure —distinct-from→ direct measures indirect measure direct measures differs in: WHETHER THE TWO ARE MEASURED UNDER COMPARABLE CONDITIONS. Avant and Thieman (1985) claimed an indirect measure was MORE sensitive than a direct one; 'CONTRARY TO THIS CLAIM, WHEN DIRECT AND INDIRECT INDEXES ARE MEASURED UNDER COMPARABLE CONDITIONS', the indirect measure is LESS sensitive. The ordering of the two instruments reverses on the comparability of the conditions, not on the instruments · strength of the relation: 0.85 · note: THE PUBLISHED CLAIM AND ITS REVERSAL USE THE SAME TWO MEASURES. What changed is that they were put on comparable footing - the same lesson as measuring candidates within one run rather than across runs. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. t-test t-test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ANOVA ANOVA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ANOVA ANOVA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. p-value p-value Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mean mean Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The paper's central deduction is that unconscious perception is established as soon as an indirect measure is absolutely more sensitive to a stimulus dimension than a comparable direct measure. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. To demonstrate unconscious perception it suffices that the indirect measure be more sensitive than a comparable direct one, even when the direct measure's sensitivity is above zero. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Experiment 1 replicated the filled-duration illusion: displays containing a word or a nonword were judged longer than blank displays of identical physical duration. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Words were in general judged longer than nonwords, a positive relation between familiarity and perceived duration. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The duration-judgment measure is blind to lexical status at 33 ms exposure, showing no word/nonword difference at all. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Lengthening exposure only strengthens the positive familiarity effect rather than reversing its direction. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Performance on the direct lexical decision task was significantly better than on the indirect duration judgment task. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Detection in Experiment 4 gave the same ordering: a direct measure indexed perception more sensitively than a comparable indirect duration measure. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. indirect measure of perception indirect measure of perception Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. dissociation paradigm dissociation paradigm Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. exclusiveness assumption exclusiveness assumption Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. exhaustiveness assumption exhaustiveness assumption Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. filled-duration illusion filled-duration illusion Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. exposure duration exposure duration Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. stimulus familiarity (word vs. nonword) stimulus familiarity (word vs. nonword) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. proportion of "longer" responses proportion of "longer" responses Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. t(19) = 12.0, p < .0001 — size of the filled-duration effect for word-blank pairs in Experiment 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. F(l,38) = 5.10, P < .05 — the Experiment 3 main effect of task showing lexical decision outperformed duration judgment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. F(1,18) = 48.32, P < .001 — the Experiment 4 main effect of task, detection versus duration judgment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. t(39) = 3.23, p < .01 — Experiment 3 direct lexical decision accuracy above chance at 33 ms exposure Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 60% — accuracy of the indirect preference measure in Kunst-Wilson and Zajonc, against 48% for the direct recognition test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Twenty — number of undergraduate subjects run in Experiment 1 (and again in Experiments 2 and 4) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

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