The importance of mixed selectivity in complex cognitive tasks

Rigotti, Barak, Warden, Wang, Daw, Miller, Fusi · Nature · 2013 · neuroscience · 10.1038/nature12160 · record Rigotti2013-the-importance-of-mixed-selectivity-in-compl
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Other fields define these differently the same word, defined another way in another discipline
principal component analysis 5 fields · population 3 fields · cross-validation 3 fields · confidence interval 2 fields

Tags on this paper

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mixed selectivity non-linear mixed selectivity linear mixed selectivity pure selectivity dimensionality linear classifier binary classifications task-relevant aspects classical selectivity prefrontal cortex grandmother cell support vector machines error trials readout neuron on error trials the non-linear mixed selectivity component is disrupted, dimensionality collapses, and downstream readout neurons can no longer be driven to the correct output excessive variability from sources that are not task-relevant enters the non-linear mixing and changes the dimensionality diverse non-linear selectivity to mixtures of task variables raises the dimension of the representation, which is what gives linear readouts their expanded repertoire of input-output functions strongly non-linear mixed selectivity neurons are more sensitive to task-irrelevant variability, which is why the most useful component of the code is also the most fragile readout decoding recall task recognition perceptron random delay period population dimensionality of a neural representation dimensionality of the neural representation population decoding accuracy noise level task type t-test two-sample t-test cross-validation estimated through cross-validation confidence interval resampling resampling the recorded neurons and randomly relabelling the identities of the visual objects principal component analysis a principal component analysis standard error of the mean shaded area indicates s.e.m cross-validated decoding accuracy number of implementable binary classifications electrophysiology

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contribution	`contribution`	what the paper claims to add
control	`controls`	an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation
limitation	`limitations`	what the paper says its evidence cannot support
mechanism	`mechanisms`	how the reported effect is said to come about
method	`method`	how the paper produced its evidence
object of study	`object_of_study`	what the paper is about — the thing it investigates
phenomenon	`phenomenon`	the effect or regularity under study
research question	`research_question`	the question the paper sets itself
sense	`senses`	a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it
transfer	`transfers`	a method or concept carried in from another field

The paper

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alternatives 3 · claim_relations 8 · claim_type 1 · concept_edges 3 · content_tags 49 · contribution 1 · controls 1 · limitations 11 · mechanisms 11 · method 1 · object_of_study 1 · phenomenon 1 · research_question 1 · senses 5 · transfers 6

Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 3 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.

facet	tag	field	conf.	whose words
object_of_study	mixed selectivity in prefrontal cortex neurons and the dimensionality of the population representation it produces Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`object_of_study`		the paper's words
research_question	what functional role the heterogeneous, hard-to-interpret mixed selectivity of PFC neurons plays Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`research_question`		the paper's words
contribution	reinterprets seemingly disordered tuning as the signature of a high-dimensional code, measures that dimensionality through classifier capacity, and shows it collapses when the animal errs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`contribution`		the paper's words
claim_type	mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_type`		the paper's words
phenomenon	mixed selectivity in prefrontal cortex Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`phenomenon`		the paper's words
method	electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: electrophysiology	`method`		the paper's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: on error trials the non-linear mixed selectivity component is disrupted, dimensionality collapses, and downstream readout neurons can no longer be driven to the correct output	`mechanisms[0]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. status: the paper's own words: may be caused by also in: excessive variability from sources that are not task-relevant enters the non-linear mixing and changes the dimensionality	`mechanisms[1]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: diverse non-linear selectivity to mixtures of task variables raises the dimension of the representation, which is what gives linear readouts their expanded repertoire of input-output functions	`mechanisms[2]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: strongly non-linear mixed selectivity neurons are more sensitive to task-irrelevant variability, which is why the most useful component of the code is also the most fragile	`mechanisms[3]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	dimensionality is estimated by counting how many binary classifications a linear classifier can implement, since that number grows exponentially with dimension Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	the estimate is converted by d = log2(Nc), valid when the number of inputs is large enough Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	only non-linear mixed selectivity can raise dimensionality: pure selectivity and linear mixing generate low-dimensional representations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	classical selectivity is removed by adding noise that equalises average responses while preserving differences between individual conditions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	averaging over conditions to test classical selectivity is itself what discards the distributed information Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	the proposed cause of the error-trial collapse: non-linear mixing is more sensitive than pure selectivity to task-irrelevant variability, so it is the most useful and the most fragile component Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	non-simultaneously recorded neurons are combined into pseudo-simultaneous population vectors, discarding temporal correlations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`mechanisms[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	Errors could only be analysed in the recall task because the recognition task yielded too few of them. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the error analysis, which exists only for the recall task: WE TESTED THIS PREDICTION BY ANALYSING THE ERRORS MADE BY THE MONKEYS IN THE RECALL TASK (THERE WERE TOO FEW ERRORS IN THE RECOGNITION TASK)	`limitations[0]`		the tagger's words
limitations	Non-simultaneously recorded neurons were combined into pseudo-simultaneous population patterns, neglecting temporal correlations. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: every population-level correlation and dimensionality claim: NEURONS THAT WERE NOT RECORDED SIMULTANEOUSLY WERE COMBINED AS PSEUDO-SIMULTANEOUS POPULATION ACTIVITY PATTERNS	`limitations[1]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The argument is framed for linear readouts; whether it holds for more complex non-linear readouts is left open. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the argument as stated, which assumes linear readouts: IT IS LEGITIMATE TO ASK WHETHER THESE CONSIDERATIONS WOULD STILL BE VALID IF WE CONSIDER MORE COMPLEX NON-LINEAR READOUTS	`limitations[2]`		the tagger's words
limitations	Dimensionality expansion by single-neuron dendritic non-linearities is not ruled out. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any claim that dimensionality expansion happens at the population level rather than within cells: OUR RESULTS DO NOT EXCLUDE THE FUNCTIONAL IMPORTANCE OF SUCH DENDRITIC PROCESSES	`limitations[3]`		the tagger's words
limitations	the measured dimensionality is bounded above by the number of experimental conditions, and the recorded data reach that maximum Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the dimensionality number itself: ACCORDINGLY, THE DIMENSIONALITY IS BOUNDED BY THE TOTAL NUMBER OF DISTINCT CONDITIONS c - it cannot exceed the experiment's design	`limitations[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	dimensionality is notoriously difficult to estimate in the presence of noise, which is why an indirect method was needed Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the dimensionality estimate and the indirect method used to get it: AS THIS IS NOTORIOUSLY DIFFICULT IN THE PRESENCE OF NOISE, WE ADOPTED A NOVEL STRATEGY THAT EXPLOITS THE RELATION BETWEEN DIMENSIONALITY AND THE PERFORMANCE of a linear classifier	`limitations[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	non-linear transformations implemented in dendrites could expand dimensionality invisibly, leaving firing-rate representations low-dimensional Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[2], with the mechanism: SOME OF THE TRANSFORMATIONS WHICH INCREASE THE DIMENSIONALITY of the representation could be implemented in dendrites and would not appear in firing rates	`limitations[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	high dimensionality is not strictly necessary for rich dynamics or complex tasks; the claim is that it simplifies circuit design Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the strength of the paper's own claim: Quotation withheld	`limitations[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	the causal account of the collapse is offered explicitly as speculation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the causal account of the collapse, labelled as speculation by the authors: IT IS TEMPTING TO SPECULATE ABOUT THE CAUSES OF THIS DIMENSIONALITY COLLAPSE	`limitations[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	temporal correlations are discarded by the pseudo-simultaneous construction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: every population-level result: NEURONS THAT WERE NOT RECORDED SIMULTANEOUSLY WERE COMBINED AS PSEUDO-SIMULTANEOUS POPULATION ACTIVITY PATTERNS, and THE TEMPORAL CORRELATIONS THAT WERE NEGLECTED are lost by that construction	`limitations[9]`	0.9	the tagger's words
limitations	the error analysis rests on 121 neurons with enough error trials, and only in the recall task Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the error analyses only: THESE ANALYSES WERE CARRIED OUT ON A SUBSET DATASET OF 121 NEURONS THAT WERE RECORDED IN AS MANY CORRECT AS ERROR TRIALS DURING THE RECALL TASK	`limitations[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words
transfers	the analysis of the recorded population was designed from machine-learning theory about how learning principles operate in neuronal circuits Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[0]`		the tagger's words
transfers	the coding strategy of support vector machines is used as the interpretive frame for what mixed selectivity is doing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[1]`		the tagger's words
transfers	the perceptron learning rule is imported as the supervised procedure by which a readout neuron's weights would be adjusted Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[2]`		the tagger's words
transfers	the kernel-machine insight that projecting into a high-dimensional space lets a linear classifier implement more functions, imported as the interpretation of PFC tuning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
transfers	counting implementable dichotomies as a measure of representational capacity, used here as the dimensionality estimator Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
transfers	the observation that firing rates are less variable on faster-reaction-time trials, used as the analogy for variability driving the error-trial collapse Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[5]`	0.85	the tagger's words
controls	the decoder's performance was checked against the possibility that it had saturated Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: that the correspondence between dimensionality and performance is a ceiling effect of the population decoder rather than a property of the representation · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held	`controls[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	dimensionality here is a property of CONDITION space: the minimal number of coordinate axes needed to place one firing-rate vector per experimental condition. It is not a statement about time courses across cells Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	high-dimensional is therefore a bounded claim in this paper - the ceiling is the number of conditions, here 24, and the data reach it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	mixed selectivity means tuning to a mixture of task aspects; only the NON-LINEAR kind raises dimensionality, and the paper keeps linear and non-linear mixing strictly apart Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	classically selective is defined by a significant difference in averages across a task aspect - and the paper's point is that this test discards the information it is looking for Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	pure selectivity means responding to one aspect at a time; it is the foil, simulated rather than recorded Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[4]`	0.9	the tagger's words
alternatives	claim_type: mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: mechanism — note: a second reading reaching the same value from a different sentence. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.claim_type`		the tagger's words
alternatives	method: reanalysis of 237 lateral PFC neurons from two monkeys in a sequence memory task, with selectivity-removal manipulations and a dimensionality estimate from the number of implementable binary classifications Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: electrophysiology — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.method`		the tagger's words
alternatives	phenomenon: high-dimensional population coding in prefrontal cortex Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: mixed selectivity in prefrontal cortex — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.phenomenon`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → the monkey object sequence memory dataset of ref [3] Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[0]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → machine-learning-inspired circuit theory, refs [4]-[10] Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[1]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	extends → prior linear-readout decoding studies, refs [17], [18] Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[2]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	reinterprets → the heterogeneous, seemingly disordered tuning that reverse-engineering approaches treat as noise Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	extends → previous demonstrations that a linear readout suffices to decode particular task aspects Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	supports → model circuits that expand dimensionality by random non-linear mixing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[5]`	0.95	the tagger's words
claim_relations	qualifies → its own claim, by allowing that dendritic non-linearities could hide the expansion Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	contradicts → the grandmother-cell account of how high dimensionality could arise Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	non-linear mixed selectivity —causes→ dimensionality Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.95 · note: and the same quote carries the negative half: pure and linear mixed selectivity can only generate low-dimensional representations also in: non-linear mixed selectivity · dimensionality	`concept_edges[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	linear mixed selectivity —contrasted-with→ non-linear mixed selectivity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: linear mixed selectivity · non-linear mixed selectivity	`concept_edges[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
concept_edges	dimensionality —operationalised-as→ binary classifications Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: an abstract property measured through a downstream tool's capacity - d = log2(Nc) also in: dimensionality · binary classifications	`concept_edges[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	t-test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: t-test	`content_tags.statistics[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	cross-validation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cross-validation	`content_tags.statistics[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	confidence interval Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: confidence interval	`content_tags.statistics[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	resampling Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: resampling	`content_tags.statistics[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	principal component analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: principal component analysis	`content_tags.statistics[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	standard error of the mean Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: standard error of the mean	`content_tags.statistics[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	cross-validated decoding accuracy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cross-validated decoding accuracy	`content_tags.statistics[6]`	0.9	the tagger's words
content_tags	number of implementable binary classifications Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: number of implementable binary classifications	`content_tags.statistics[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	Every task-relevant aspect can still be decoded from the PFC population after classical selectivity has been removed. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	During the two-object delay the recorded PFC population supports the maximum possible number of binary classifications, i.e. it attains the maximal dimensionality of 24 set by the 24 experimental conditions. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Representations based on pure selectivity generate fewer than 8 dimensions. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	The dimensionality of the PFC representation drops on trials where the monkey makes an error, so dimensionality tracks behavioural success. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	On error trials the identities of the two cues could still be decoded with high accuracy. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	The dimensionality collapse that predicts the animal's errors is specifically due to a weakening of the non-linear component of mixed selectivity. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	The authors rule out grandmother-cell-like coding by verifying that PFC representations are rather dense. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Removing classical selectivity costs the most decoding accuracy in the early epochs of the trial. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	every task-relevant aspect can still be decoded after classical selectivity to it has been removed from every neuron Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	the recovered accuracy grows as the task becomes more complex and more cues are held in memory Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	the recorded representations reach the maximal dimensionality allowed by the design, d = 24 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[10]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	simulated pure-selectivity populations fall orders of magnitude short of the recorded ones Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[11]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	dimensionality collapses on error trials, as predicted before the test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[12]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	cue identity is decoded just as well on error trials, so the collapse is not a failure to encode or remember the stimuli Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[13]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	the collapse is due specifically to the non-linear component of mixed selectivity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[14]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	the dense, non-sparse character of the representations rules out a grandmother-cell explanation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[15]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	mixed selectivity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mixed selectivity	`content_tags.definitions[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	dimensionality Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: dimensionality	`content_tags.definitions[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	non-linear mixed selectivity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: non-linear mixed selectivity	`content_tags.definitions[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	classical selectivity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: classical selectivity	`content_tags.definitions[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	grandmother cell Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: grandmother cell	`content_tags.definitions[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	dimensionality of a neural representation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: dimensionality of a neural representation	`content_tags.definitions[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	mixed selectivity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mixed selectivity	`content_tags.definitions[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	classical selectivity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: classical selectivity	`content_tags.definitions[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	dimensionality of the neural representation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: dimensionality of the neural representation	`content_tags.variables[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	population decoding accuracy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: population decoding accuracy	`content_tags.variables[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	noise level Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: noise level	`content_tags.variables[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	task type Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: task type	`content_tags.variables[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	237 — number of lateral PFC (area 46) neurons analysed, recorded in two monkeys Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	24 — number of distinct experimental conditions (combinations of cue 1, cue 2 and task type) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	less than 4% — difference between the number of correct and error trials for the 121 neurons used in the error analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	100–150 trials — block length over which recognition and recall trials were interleaved Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	p < 0.05 — significance of the difference between the two task types in an example neuron's response to object C as first cue Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	close to 100% — maximal cross-validated decoding accuracy for all task-relevant aspects before selectivity removal Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	1000 — number of train/test partitions over which decoding accuracy was averaged, with 95% confidence intervals shown Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	d = 12 — near-maximal dimensionality reached on correct recall-task trials Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	237 lateral PFC neurons (area 46) from two monkeys — the reanalysed sample Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	24 conditions, from 4 objects as cue 1, 3 remaining as cue 2, and 2 task types — the design that sets the ceiling on measurable dimensionality Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[9]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	d = log2(Nc) — the conversion from implementable classifications to dimensionality Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	121 neurons with enough error trials, correct-error trial counts differing by less than 4% — the error-analysis subset Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[11]`	0.9	the tagger's words
content_tags	blocks of 100 to 150 trials — the interleaving of recognition and recall Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[12]`	0.85	the tagger's words

Interpretive choices

Tags that could not be placed in the text:

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What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.