Dos and don’ts in response priming research

Dos and don’ts in response priming research Schmidt Haberkamp Schmidt

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Dos and don’ts in response priming research 2011 Advances in Cognitive Psychology 10.2478/v10053-008-0092-2 Schmidt2011-dos-and-don-ts-in-response-priming-research Schmidt2011-dos-and-don-ts-in-response-priming-research.txt, the project's staged copy bd01a884d15b1e66399c50186bd802b43a501621 not-redistributable cognitive-psychology

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them method Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. response priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. review review Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms The prime activates the response mapped to it, and the longer the delay before the target arrives the longer the prime alone can drive that response, which is why priming grows with SOA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Backward masking works by disrupting recurrent processing, which is what awareness depends on, while priming rides the earlier feedforward sweep and is therefore left intact Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Participants guess prime identity from perceived flicker, and because flicker itself grows with prime-target SOA, this strategy produces the SOA-dependent reversal of bias in prime identification Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The recommendations are deliberately not to be followed dogmatically; deliberately violating them can be theoretically informative. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The dos-and-don'ts list is explicitly incomplete. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The recommendation to separate direct and indirect tasks into blocks rests on evidence that is missing for direct measures. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Guidance on three-stimulus (prime-mask-target) designs is limited by unresolved knowledge about motor activation in that situation. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the argument against discarding subjects who fail an awareness check is made by analogy with a clinical trial: excluding those subjects is like removing from the analysis the patients the drug killed Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. zero sensitivity criterion zero sensitivity criterion Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. double dissociation double dissociation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. prime visibility prime visibility Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. response priming response priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. visual awareness visual awareness Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. evidence as a SHAPE rather than a LEVEL - the double dissociation replaces `awareness must be zero` with `awareness and priming must move in opposite directions across SOAs`. If a range of prime-mask SOAs shows visibility DECREASING while priming INCREASES, then the two cannot both be driven by one source of conscious information. The criterion needs a time-course, not a threshold - the sixth time this sitting that a time course is the load-bearing variable Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A DESIGN FLAW THAT MANUFACTURES THE CORRELATION IT IS USED TO SHOW: `varying the prime's duration while leaving the prime-target ISI constant` confounds prime duration with SOA and `creates a spurious correlation between priming and prime visibility by two mechanisms` - a stronger prime gives stronger priming, and a longer SOA gives stronger priming. The fix is to leave the prime intact and control visibility by varying the MASK. A confound that produces apparent evidence for a link between priming and awareness out of the timing alone Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the paradigm's power located in PARAMETRIC VARIATION rather than in a single contrast: response priming effects are `numerically large ... and pretty stable across individuals`, so the recommendation is to trace them across a range of SOAs. `the paradigm unfolds its true power only in parametric experiments` - a methods paper telling its field that one comparison is not the way to use its own tool Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE ZERO SENSITIVITY CRITERION, AND WHY IT IS UNMEETABLE - not `too strict`, but resting on an instrument that does not exist: it `requires an exhaustive measure of visual awareness which is guaranteed to never miss a change in visual awareness, however tiny`. A standard whose satisfaction cannot be established, which is a different failing from a standard that is hard to reach. Second record in a row retiring a criterion on this ground (see Kiefer2012) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → existing theories of response priming: direct parameter specification (Neumann, 1990), the action trigger account (Kunde, Kiesel, & Hoffmann, 2003) and rapid-chase theory (Schmidt et al., 2006) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → the direct/indirect task-matching recommendations of Schmidt and Vorberg (2006) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → the zero sensitivity criterion for masked priming research Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → the feedforward sweep account of Lamme and Roelfsema (2000) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. response priming —distinct-from→ visual awareness response priming visual awareness differs in: WHETHER ONE CAN BE READ OFF THE OTHER - masked stimuli 'can influence…', so the motor effect does not track what was seen. That independence is what the paper calls the paradigm's useful feature rather than a nuisance · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: Re-grounded off the zero-sensitivity passage, which never names 'response priming'. This sentence pair names both endpoints, is free of brackets, and states the separation as the paradigm's defining property. Weighted 0.9: the paper is a methods review reporting an established feature, not an experiment establishing it here. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Response priming effects are among the numerically largest in reaction-time research, accounting for 25% or more of the total response time. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Priming effects grow the longer the interval between prime and target onset, because the prime has more time to drive the response before the target takes over motor control. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Priming effects can keep increasing while the prime becomes less visible. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. In any design that modifies visibility by varying the prime, the direct and indirect measures are always confounded. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Computing d' separately for consistent and inconsistent trials confounds sensitivity with response bias. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Excluding participants whose prime identification is above chance is a sampling fallacy, since dropping observations does not alter the population the sample came from. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Prime identification performance carries an SOA-dependent bias: participants lean toward the target's direction at short SOAs and away from it at long SOAs. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The authors recommend varying prime-target SOA in at least three steps across the whole range of interest, roughly 0 to 100 ms, rather than testing a single SOA. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. About 60 trials per condition per participant has proved a reasonable number for reliable data patterns with small standard errors. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The authors strongly recommend matching direct and indirect tasks on the stimuli, the features judged, and how those features map onto motor responses. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Priming effects in error rates matter as much as those in response times and should be analysed just as carefully. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The earliest phase of response activation is determined by prime information alone and is independent of all target information. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. response priming response priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. priming effect priming effect Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. priming function priming function Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. interstimulus interval interstimulus interval Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. feedforward sweep feedforward sweep Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. metacontrast masking metacontrast masking Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. type-A masking type-A masking Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. type-B masking type-B masking Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. prime identification task prime identification task Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. zero sensitivity criterion zero sensitivity criterion Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. SOA SOA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. priming effect priming effect Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. prime visibility prime visibility Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. prime energy prime energy Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 25% — Share of overall response time that response priming effects can account for Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 60 — Recommended number of trials per condition per participant Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. three steps — Minimum number of SOA levels the authors recommend sampling, over a 0-100 ms range Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 100 ms — SOA below which the prototypical, approximately linear priming function is obtained Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 12 ms — Fixed prime presentation duration in the typical experiment illustrated Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 50 ms — Approximate prime-mask SOA at which prime visibility is lowest under type-B masking Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

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