The neural correlates of consciousness in sleep: A no-task, within-state paradigm

Siclari, LaRocque, Bernardi, Postle, Tononi · bioRxiv · 2014 · neuroscience · 10.1101/012443 · record Siclari2014-the-neural-correlates-of-consciousness-in-sl
tag layer · index · concepts · authors · עברית

Where this record's text came from. faceted 2026-08 by reading the locally held text (pdftext); every evidence string verified as an exact substring of that text before merging. Identity caveat for the corpus: the queue metadata titles this 'The neural correlates of consciousness in sleep: A no-task, within-state paradigm' (bioRxiv 10.1101/012443), but the deposited text is the later version posted 24 October 2016, whose running title and title block read 'The neural correlates of dreaming' with a different author list (Siclari, Baird, Perogamvros, Bernardi, LaRocque, Riedner, Boly, Postle, Tononi). All facets above are taken from that text. The paper uses numeric citations throughout, so both claim relations name their targets only by reference number plus the descriptor the paper itself gives them; I recorded them because the relational verb ('extend these findings', 'rather than involving') is explicit and points at one identifiable prior claim, not at a bare citation. The paper also reports internal replication (Experiment 2 confirming Experiment 1, naive and trained subjects giving virtually identical maps) which replication status has no value for. Method is tagged electrophysiology because high-density EEG with source modelling is the closest fit in the allowed vocabulary; the third experiment is really closed-loop real-time prediction, which the facet cannot express. 2026-08-14 schema-0.3 pass: every quote verified as an exact substring of the staged text and anchored at merge time; concept terms verified present; every edge endpoint an existing node.

How to read this page. The article itself is not reproduced here — this paper is not cleared for redistribution, so what follows is the tag layer alone. The evidence sentences are withheld with the article. The table at the foot lists every tag the record carries; each row names the facet it belongs to, and the whose words column says whether the tag records the paper's own wording or the tagger's sentence about the paper. Every tag links to each other paper in the corpus carrying it. The machine-readable edition of the same thing is the TEI file beside this one, where the tags live in standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.

Other fields define these differently the same word, defined another way in another discipline
standard deviation 3 fields

Tags on this paper

Every tag the record carries, each linking to every other paper in the corpus that carries it. A tag appears here whether or not its words occur in the article — the spans below are only the ones a sentence in this paper licenses. Of the 3 concept tags on this paper, all 3 are grounded in a quoted sentence.

dreaming REM sleep no experience Conscious experience during sleep requires local activation (loss of low-frequency, bistable mode) of the posterior hot zone, which is why dreaming can occur in NREM and REM alike regardless of the EEG in the rest of cortex Low-frequency (1-4 Hz) activity indexes neuronal down-states and bistability, which block stable causal interaction between cortical areas and so abolish experience Once the hot zone is out of its low-frequency mode, which specific neuronal groups fire strongly determines which contents are experienced, as in waking perception posterior cortical 'hot zone' bispectral threshold EEG slow waves dreaming experience DEWR type of report low-frequency power high-frequency band power hemisphere age repeated-measures ANOVA repeated-measure-ANOVA ANCOVA repeated measures ANCOVA paired t-test paired one-tailed t-test Spearman rank correlation Spearman rank correlation coefficient permutation test a permutation-based approach nonparametric multiple-comparison correction Statistical nonparametric mapping (SnPM) Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test Lilliefors modification of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test false discovery rate correction topological FDR spectral power density estimation (Welch periodogram) Welch's modified periodogram method general linear model standard deviation mean ± SD F-test for interaction electrophysiology

Legend

relation to other work	`claim_relations`	how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies
claim type	`claim_type`	the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null
concept edge	`concept_edges`	an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it
concept	`concepts`	an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it
content tag	`content_tags`	a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper
control	`controls`	an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation
limitation	`limitations`	what the paper says its evidence cannot support
mechanism	`mechanisms`	how the reported effect is said to come about
method	`method`	how the paper produced its evidence
phenomenon	`phenomenon`	the effect or regularity under study
sense	`senses`	a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it

The paper

The full text is not reproduced here. This article is not cleared for redistribution, so the page carries the tag layer only. Its evidence sentences are withheld; the grounding status remains with each tag, and the article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1101/012443. The reading view exists for the papers whose licence permits it.

Every tag on this page

claim_relations 2 · claim_type 1 · concept_edges 1 · concepts 3 · content_tags 40 · controls 1 · limitations 5 · mechanisms 3 · method 1 · phenomenon 1 · senses 3

Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 1 relation here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.

facet	tag	field	conf.	whose words
claim_type	existence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_type`		the paper's words
phenomenon	dreaming as conscious experience during sleep Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`phenomenon`		the paper's words
method	electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: electrophysiology	`method`		the paper's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Conscious experience during sleep requires local activation (loss of low-frequency, bistable mode) of the posterior hot zone, which is why dreaming can occur in NREM and REM alike regardless of the EEG in the rest of cortex	`mechanisms[0]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Low-frequency (1-4 Hz) activity indexes neuronal down-states and bistability, which block stable causal interaction between cortical areas and so abolish experience	`mechanisms[1]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Once the hot zone is out of its low-frequency mode, which specific neuronal groups fire strongly determines which contents are experienced, as in waking perception	`mechanisms[2]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The hot zone was identified by averaging across many awakenings and subjects, so individual episodes of experience may involve additional regions. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the anatomical completeness of the hot zone: SINCE THE POSTERIOR HOT ZONE WAS HIGHLIGHTED BY AVERAGING EEG RECORDINGS PRECEDING MANY AWAKENINGS FROM MANY SUBJECTS, THE FULL NEURAL CORRELATES OF EXPERIENCES IN SLEEP COULD OCCASIONALLY INCLUDE ADDITIONAL BRAIN REGIONS	`limitations[0]`		the tagger's words
limitations	Parts of the posterior hot zone may support unconscious dream-generating processes rather than experience itself. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the interpretation of the hot zone as supporting experience: WE CANNOT RULE OUT THAT [it] MAY INCLUDE ... AREAS THAT MIGHT SUPPORT UNCONSCIOUS ASPECTS OF DREAM GENERATION	`limitations[1]`		the tagger's words
limitations	Source modelling does not fully remove volume conduction, which inflates absolute low-frequency power values. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the absolute low-frequency power values: SOURCE MODELING STRONGLY REDUCES BUT DOES NOT COMPLETELY ELIMINATE THE EFFECTS OF VOLUME CONDUCTION	`limitations[2]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The behavioural state does not settle whether there was an experience, and the paper says so of both the traditional EEG features and the neuroimaging correlates. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: sleep stage as an indicator of whether a subject was having an experience: the paper states this cannot be determined from behavioural state, traditional EEG features or neuroimaging correlates	`limitations[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	The identification the field worked with is reported as failing in both directions: dreams are absent from some REM awakenings and present in NREM sleep. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: REM sleep as the state of dreaming: the paper reports a consistent minority of REM awakenings with no reported experience, and dreaming occurring in NREM sleep	`limitations[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
controls	a longer 20-second pre-awakening window used for the experience/no-experience contrast than the 0 to -8s windows used for content-specific contrasts Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: a report being assigned to the wrong stretch of sleep - subjects could tie CONTENT to a moment but not the bare presence or absence of an experience, so that contrast is given more room · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held	`controls[0]`	0.85	the tagger's words
concepts	dreaming Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: dreaming	`concepts[0]`		the paper's words
concepts	REM sleep Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: REM sleep	`concepts[1]`		the paper's words
concepts	no experience Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: no experience	`concepts[2]`		the paper's words
senses	absence of a dream report - AS NO EXPERIENCE (NE): the subject reports not experiencing anything Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	absence of a dream report - AS EXPERIENCE WITHOUT RECALL (DEWR): the subject reports experiencing something but cannot remember the content, which is a different state from having had none Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	dreaming - traditionally IDENTIFIED WITH REM sleep and its wake-like high-frequency EEG, an identification the paper reports as broken because dreaming also occurs in NREM sleep Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	extends → the fMRI dream-content decoding study cited as ref. 43 (a wake-trained pattern classifier decoding content reported at the wake–sleep transition) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[0]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	contradicts → the influential neuroimaging-derived notion (ref. 54) that the neural correlates of consciousness correspond to a broad fronto-parietal network Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: THE AXIS IS THE PARADIGM, AND IT IS NAMED IN THE SAME SENTENCE AS THE CONCLUSION. 'Quotation withheld' The fronto-parietal result is not called wrong - it is attributed to paradigms that require a task and a report, which this one removes. A bare 'contradicts' records a dispute about ANATOMY; the parameter shows it is a dispute about METHOD.	`claim_relations[1]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	dreaming —distinct-from→ REM sleep Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: dreaming · REM sleep	`concept_edges[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	repeated-measures ANOVA Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: repeated-measures ANOVA	`content_tags.statistics[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	ANCOVA Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ANCOVA	`content_tags.statistics[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	paired t-test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: paired t-test	`content_tags.statistics[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Spearman rank correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Spearman rank correlation	`content_tags.statistics[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	permutation test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: permutation test	`content_tags.statistics[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	nonparametric multiple-comparison correction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: nonparametric multiple-comparison correction	`content_tags.statistics[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test	`content_tags.statistics[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	false discovery rate correction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: false discovery rate correction	`content_tags.statistics[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	spectral power density estimation (Welch periodogram) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: spectral power density estimation (Welch periodogram)	`content_tags.statistics[8]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	general linear model Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: general linear model	`content_tags.statistics[9]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	standard deviation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: standard deviation	`content_tags.statistics[10]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	F-test for interaction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: F-test for interaction	`content_tags.statistics[11]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	In both NREM and REM sleep, dreaming was associated with a local decrease in low-frequency activity in posterior cortical regions. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Reports of having experienced something without recalling its content also showed the posterior low-frequency decrease relative to no-experience reports, so the posterior marker tracks having an experience rather than remembering it. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Awakenings triggered in real time by a bispectral low/high-frequency threshold over the posterior hot zone predicted the presence or absence of dreaming in NREM sleep with 87% overall accuracy (91.6% for dreaming predictions, 80.7% for no-experience predictions). Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	High-frequency activity correlated with the thinking dimension of dreams in frontal regions and with the perceiving dimension in parietal, occipital and temporal areas. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Dreams containing faces were accompanied by increased high-frequency activity in a temporo-occipital region closely matching the fusiform face area. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Dreams with a definite spatial setting showed increased high-frequency activity in right posterior parietal cortex, an area supporting spatial perception and visuo-spatial attention in wakefulness. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Dreams containing speech showed increased high-frequency activity in a left posterior temporal region corresponding to Wernicke's area. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	The results showed no reliable hemispheric asymmetry, apart from a borderline right-sided effect for the high-frequency dreaming-versus-no-experience contrast in REM sleep. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	The low- and high-frequency effects on dreaming survived control for participant age, with a significant main effect of report type and no age effect. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[8]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Because the correlate of experience was confined to a posterior region rather than a lateral fronto-parietal network, the authors conclude the neural correlate of consciousness is posterior rather than fronto-parietal. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[9]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	posterior cortical 'hot zone' Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: posterior cortical 'hot zone'	`content_tags.definitions[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	bispectral threshold Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: bispectral threshold	`content_tags.definitions[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	EEG slow waves Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: EEG slow waves	`content_tags.definitions[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	dreaming experience Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: dreaming experience	`content_tags.definitions[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	DEWR Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: DEWR	`content_tags.definitions[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	no experience Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: no experience	`content_tags.definitions[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	type of report Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: type of report	`content_tags.variables[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	low-frequency power Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: low-frequency power	`content_tags.variables[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	high-frequency band power Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: high-frequency band power	`content_tags.variables[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	hemisphere Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: hemisphere	`content_tags.variables[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	age Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: age	`content_tags.variables[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	87% — Overall accuracy of real-time prediction of the presence or absence of dreaming in NREM sleep from posterior hot-zone EEG Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	N=32, 233 awakenings; N=7, 815 awakenings — Sample sizes for experiment 1 (many naive subjects, few awakenings each) and experiment 2 (few trained subjects, many awakenings each) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	84 — Total number of algorithm-triggered awakenings in the real-time prediction experiment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	p=0.023 — Region-of-interest test showing higher high-frequency activity in the right fusiform face area for dreams containing faces Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	r>0.14 — Correlation threshold at which high-frequency power tracked the thinking-versus-perceiving rating of REM dreams Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	p=0.003 / p=0.005 — Main effect of report type on low-frequency and high-frequency activity after controlling for age Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	p= 0.046 — The single borderline hemispheric lateralization effect, for high-frequency DE-vs-NE in REM sleep Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[6]`		the tagger's words

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