Repetition priming of motor activity mediated by a central pattern generator: the importance of extrinsic vs. intrinsic program initiators

Repetition priming of motor activity mediated by a central pattern generator: the importance of extrinsic vs. intrinsic program initiators Siniscalchi Cropper Jing Weiss

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Repetition priming of motor activity mediated by a central pattern generator: the importance of extrinsic vs. intrinsic program initiators 2016 Journal of Neurophysiology 10.1152/jn.00365.2016 Siniscalchi2016-repetition-priming-of-motor-activity-mediate Siniscalchi2016-repetition-priming-of-motor-activity-mediate.txt, the project's staged copy 6067ae890e29f735976880e425896db2f28d3033 not-redistributable invertebrate-neurophysiology

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them mechanism Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. repetition priming of motor programs Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. electrophysiology electrophysiology Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Priming requires modulatory peptides released by extrinsic CPG inputs; stimulating a core CPG neuron does not release them, so no priming accumulates Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms FCAP/CP-2 released from CBI-2 raise the excitability of the ingestive interneuron B40, which is then recruited into later programs and imposes an ingestive B8 firing pattern Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Priming is stored as persistent modulator-induced changes in the pattern-generating interneurons B20 and B40 inside the feeding network rather than presynaptically in the input terminals Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Carry-over between behaviours occurs only when the interneuron modified by the first behaviour is also part of the circuit recruited by the second, which is why switch costs are asymmetric Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Somatic recordings used to rule out indirect recruitment of the CPG inputs may not reflect activity at those inputs' terminals. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. An additional contribution from modulation of the motor neuron B8 itself is not excluded. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. six to ten control measurements taken first, then B40 current injections interleaved with the CBI-2 stimulation trains eliminates: drift in the preparation over the course of a long intracellular recording - the baseline is established first and the two conditions then alternate rather than running in sequence · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. repetition priming repetition priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. central pattern generator central pattern generator Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. B63 B63 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. CBI-2 CBI-2 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. B40 B40 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. B20 B20 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. chemical coding chemical coding Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. task switching task switching Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. negative biasing negative biasing Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. repetition priming as defined here - increased performance as a behaviour is repeated, measured in a dissected Aplysia ganglion, with no reference to memory, awareness or a subject → media priming as defined in Hoewe2020 (in this corpus), which REQUIRES that the person be unable to mentally trace the source of the influence, and is restricted to System 1 THE SAME WORD AT BOTH ENDS OF ITS POSSIBLE EXTENSION, IN ONE CORPUS. One paper applies 'priming' to a preparation with no subject at all - a buccal ganglion on a dish, where the criterion is that a motor pattern becomes better articulated on repetition. Another makes the ABSENCE OF A SUBJECT'S AWARENESS the defining criterion, and proposes an operational test built entirely on asking the person what they noticed. A definition requiring unawareness and a definition with nobody to be unaware cannot be the same definition, yet neither paper marks the word as belonging to another field. Both are ordinary uses in their own literatures. This is not a disagreement and not an error by either: it is the extension of a term stretched past the point where one definition can cover it, which is the object this project was assembled to document. The schema has no relation type for 'these records use one term at incompatible scopes'; 'renamed-across-fields' is the closest and it is wrong, because the name did not change - only what it can be true of., and for the missing types. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. repetition priming, in an invertebrate preparation - INCREASED PERFORMANCE AS A BEHAVIOUR IS REPEATED, and nothing else. No memory, no awareness, no subject. Set beside Hoewe2020, where the same word requires that a person be unable to trace an influence, this is the widest extension of the term in the corpus Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. how priming MANIFESTS here - not faster or stronger but better ARTICULATED: the first cycle of a program is neither ingestive nor egestive, and repetition makes it become one. The measured quantity is the definiteness of a pattern, not the size of a response Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. `prime` in the authors' own scare quotes - used for the derived case, where a program triggered from inside the CPG shows priming only because extrinsic inputs were stimulated first. They mark the word when the thing does not meet their own paradigm case Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the negative result read carefully - the authors decline the strong reading of their own null: nothing PRECLUDES priming of B63-induced programs, the modulators are simply not released when only B63 is stimulated. An absence of an effect is read as an absence of a cause, not as an impossibility Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → the chemical coding model of repetition priming developed from the radula opener circuitry (Friedman et al. 2015; Friedman and Weiss 2010) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. replicates → previous demonstrations that unprimed CBI-2- and EN-induced buccal motor programs have intermediate rather than ingestive or egestive characteristics (Dacks et al. 2012; Friedman et al. 2009; Proekt et al. 2004) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. B63 —causes→ repetition priming B63 repetition priming direction on the measure: no-change · strength of the relation: 0.1 — the record marks this weak · note: THE LOAD-BEARING NEGATIVE. Repetition alone does not prime; the priming belongs to the extrinsic inputs. The paper predicted this before testing it - 'if priming is…' - which is what makes the null a result rather than a gap. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. CBI-2 —causes→ repetition priming CBI-2 repetition priming direction on the measure: increases · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: And the KIND of priming follows the input, not the repetition - which is the chemical coding model's whole content. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. CBI-2 —causes→ B40 CBI-2 B40 direction on the measure: increases · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: THE LOCALISATION, and the reason it is convincing: the same effect is produced by stimulating the input OR by applying its peptides directly, so the route is chemical rather than synaptic. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. repetition priming —causes→ negative biasing repetition priming negative biasing strength of the relation: 0.8 · note: The consequence for task switching, and it follows from persistence: B20 is left more excitable by egestive priming and is active during ingestive programs too, so the modification carries into the next behaviour. Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but negative biasing is 'observed when' CBI-2 follows repetition priming; causes is loose. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. chemical coding —causes→ repetition priming chemical coding repetition priming strength of the relation: 0.85 · note: Stated as what the data SUGGEST rather than as established here - the supporting work is cited to Friedman et al. - and weighted for that. The content is that WHICH modulator is released decides which kind of priming occurs, so the identity of the input is the identity of the effect. Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the data 'suggest' chemical coding 'plays a role in the context of' repetition priming; hedged. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. B20 —causes→ negative biasing B20 negative biasing strength of the relation: 0.75 · note: Hedged by the authors - 'likely to be at least partially responsible' - and weighted for it. The mechanism is specific even where the claim is cautious: B20 receives input during BOTH program types, so a modification made during egestive priming is still in place when an ingestive program is triggered. Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the B20 modifications 'are likely to be at least partially responsible'; hedged. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. paired t-test paired t-test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ANOVA ANOVA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. repeated-measures ANOVA repeated-measures ANOVA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. correlation correlation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. standard error of the mean standard error of the mean Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Stimulating the CPG interneuron B63 to trigger feeding programs produced no significant improvement in response articulation. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Repetition priming did occur when programs were induced through the esophageal nerve or CBI-2. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Unprimed programs were mostly intermediate: 80% of those induced by CBI-2 and 75% of those induced by the esophageal nerve. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. CBI-2-induced repetition priming appears to modify properties of the core feeding network postsynaptic to CBI-2. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Repeated esophageal-nerve stimulation also appears to induce priming by modifying properties of the core feeding network. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Bath application of the CBI-2 peptides FCAP and CP-2 partially mimicked CBI-2 stimulation, raising retraction-phase B8 firing to over 250% of baseline. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Bath application of the esophageal-nerve peptide SCPb reproduced the egestive signature, raising protraction-phase B8 firing to over 250% of baseline. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Ingestive priming increased the excitability of the interneuron B40 and its firing frequency during B63-induced programs. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Egestive priming instead recruited the egestive interneuron B20, whose protraction firing frequency more than doubled after esophageal-nerve stimulation. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The authors suggest this partly accounts for the asymmetry of task switching in the feeding network: negative biasing egestive-to-ingestive, positive biasing ingestive-to-egestive. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. repetition priming repetition priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ingestion ingestion Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. egestion egestion Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. protraction protraction Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. chemical coding model chemical coding model Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. negative biasing negative biasing Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. task switching task switching Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. exogenous peptide application exogenous peptide application Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. B8 firing frequency B8 firing frequency Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. B40 excitability B40 excitability Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. latency to spike initiation latency to spike initiation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. interstimulus interval interstimulus interval Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. injected current injected current Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. high-divalent cation solution high-divalent cation solution Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 94% — Share of unprimed buccal motor programs triggered from inside the CPG (B63) that were classified as intermediate Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 1.2 ± 0.4 Hz to 6.1 ± 0.8 Hz — Fivefold increase in B8 retraction-phase firing in B63-triggered programs caused by prior CBI-2 (ingestive) priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 1.0 ± 0.2 Hz to 3.1 ± 0.5 Hz — Threefold increase in B8 protraction-phase firing in B63-triggered programs caused by prior esophageal-nerve (egestive) priming, recovering within 15 min Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 9.8 ± 5.7% to 87.5 ± 4.2% — Fraction of the protraction phase during which B40 was active, before versus after CBI-2-induced priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 8.7 ± 0.9 to 19.2 ± 2.3 spikes — Spikes evoked in B40 by a fixed 3-s current pulse before and after three trains of CBI-2 stimulation, i.e. the excitability increase Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. r = 0.7665, P < 0.0001, n = 103 BMPs — Correlation between B40 firing and B8 retraction-phase activity pooled across time points and preparations Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. r = 0.8296, P < 0.0001, n = 56 BMPs — Correlation between B20 firing and B8 firing during protraction Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 1.0 ± 0.2 Hz vs 1.4 ± 0.2 Hz, P = 0.18 — B8 protraction and retraction firing in unprimed B63-triggered programs, statistically indistinguishable between phases Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00365.2016.