A systemic approach to the psychology of racial bias within individuals and society

A systemic approach to the psychology of racial bias within individuals and society Skinner-Dorkenoo George Wages Sánchez Perry

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A systemic approach to the psychology of racial bias within individuals and society 2023 Nature Reviews Psychology 10.1038/s44159-023-00190-z Skinner-Dorkenoo2023-a-systemic-approach-to-the-psychology-of-rac Skinner-Dorkenoo2023-a-systemic-approach-to-the-psychology-of-rac.txt, the project's staged copy 9c1e3fa19020a1c3e46641d40e8d83d1ae229644 not-redistributable social-psychology

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them The two-way relation between racial biases held by individuals and the societal systems those individuals live in, in the USA. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. If racial bias is produced by systems rather than only held by people, what does psychology miss by measuring it one person at a time? Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A nested-levels framework in which five systemic factors shape individual bias and individual bias feeds back to reproduce those systems. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanism Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. racial bias Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. review review Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Children raised in an unequal society, given no systemic explanation for that inequality, internalize the existing distribution of power and privilege as legitimate Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Internalized expectations of inequality drive behaviour that maintains the system, so individual attitudes reproduce the very inequality that generated them (a self-reinforcing loop) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Nonverbal bias propagates as an expanding transmission system: seeing biased signals creates biased attitudes, which are then expressed as biased signals that others in the social network observe and adopt Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Devaluing cultural products lets people transmit racial bias while believing they are only judging the product, hiding the bias from the person holding it Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms system justification: growing up inside an unequal arrangement without an explanation for it leads children and adults to conclude the arrangement is right Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms structural exposure predicts individual bias - the composition of a university, a neighbourhood's poverty rate, a community's economic mobility all track measured implicit bias Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms backlash: information that inequality is decreasing can raise bias rather than lower it Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms the return path: aggregate individual bias in a county tracks institutional outcomes such as school discipline, so attitudes reconstitute the systems that produced them Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Scope is restricted to the USA, chosen for the authors' cultural knowledge and the location of most existing research. what this limits: the geographic scope of every claim: WE FOCUS ON THE USA BECAUSE IT IS THE CONTEXT THAT WE HAVE THE CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE TO DISCUSS AND WHERE MOST RESEARCH ... HAS BEEN CONDUCTED Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The five systemic factors reviewed are a selection, not an exhaustive set. what this limits: the completeness of the systemic account: THEY ARE CERTAINLY NOT THE ONLY SYSTEMIC FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE RACIAL BIASES Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. For part of the reviewed evidence the direction of influence between individual bias and system is not established, only association. what this limits: the causal reading of the reviewed evidence: IN SOME CASES THERE IS CLEAR EVIDENCE OF THE CAUSAL CHAIN ... WHEREAS IN OTHERS, THERE MIGHT BE EVIDENCE OF AN ASSOCIATION Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The empirical base linking systemic influences to individual-level bias is described as still thin. what this limits: the weight of the evidence base: THE LITERATURE IN THIS AREA IS STILL RELATIVELY SPARSE Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Restricted to the USA by the authors' own statement, and the paper says the systemic factors may not transfer. what this limits: the transfer of the framework beyond the USA: THE SYSTEMIC FACTORS THAT PERPETUATE RACIAL BIASES INTO THE PRESENT MIGHT BE SOMEWHAT DISTINCT FROM OTHER CONTEXTS Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The causal direction is not established throughout - in places only an association is available. duplicate of: limitations[2] · what this limits: the same scope as limitations[2] - association rather than causal chain in places Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The five factors are chosen, not exhaustive, and the authors say so. duplicate of: limitations[1] · what this limits: the same scope as limitations[1] - five factors chosen, not exhaustive Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Mutual reinforcement is treated as two separable directions for expositional clarity, which is an analytic simplification the paper flags. what this limits: any one-directional use of this review: INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL BIASES AND BROADER SOCIETAL SYSTEMS MIGHT BE MUTUALLY REINFORCING, BUT FOR CLARITY WE TAKE THE APPROACH OF ASSESSING EACH DIRECTION OF INFLUENCE SEPARATELY - the loop is cut for exposition Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the nested-levels model of influence, imported to relate individual racial bias to the systems around it Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. racial bias racial bias Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. systemic factors systemic factors Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. individual-level individual-level Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. nested levels of influence nested levels of influence Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. temporal influences temporal influences Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. power and privilege power and privilege Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cultural narratives cultural narratives Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. implicit bias implicit bias Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cultural context cultural context Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. bias - a property of a PERSON: an attitude favouring one group, measured on individuals in response to stimuli Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. bias - a property of a SYSTEM: patterns built into institutions and culture, which produce individual attitudes rather than summing them Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. level - a nested shell of context around the person: interpersonal, community, cultural, temporal Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. claim_type: mechanism a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: mechanism — note: a second reading reaching the same value from a different sentence. Not applied - a person decides. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. phenomenon: bidirectional relation between systemic racial inequality and individual-level racial bias a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: racial bias — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → Caste: The Origins Of Our Discontents Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → prior arguments (ref. 11) that individuals and systems mutually reinforce one another in organizations and the workplace Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → the individual-level tradition in the psychology of racial bias Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extends → nested-levels models from race relations, human development and culture research Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. systemic factors —causes→ racial bias systemic factors racial bias strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. power and privilege —part-of→ systemic factors power and privilege systemic factors strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cultural narratives —part-of→ systemic factors cultural narratives systemic factors strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The review considers the effects of five systemic factors on racial bias in the USA: power and privilege disparities, cultural narratives and values, segregated communities, shared stereotypes and nonverbal messages. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The relation runs in both directions: each of the five systemic factors shapes individual-level bias, and individual-level bias in turn shapes systems and inequalities at every nested level. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Telling white Americans that the country is becoming more racially diverse increases, rather than decreases, their bias in favour of white people. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Living in a state with more Black residents was associated with increased racial bias only among white residents with limited close contact with Black people. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Colourblind ideology functions to keep policies that are formally race-neutral racially biased in their effects. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Because the cultural products of people of colour are devalued at a societal level, individuals develop bias against those who use and produce them. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Individual bias devalues and negatively stereotypes physical spaces occupied by people of colour, which makes those spaces less desirable to white people and so reinforces residential segregation. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The causal effect of exposure to cultural products on racial attitudes has never been tested experimentally, which the authors identify as an open gap. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Markers of structural inequality in a person's surroundings predict their measured implicit bias. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Being told the country is becoming more diverse increased pro-white bias rather than reducing it. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Aggregate individual bias tracks institutional outcomes: county-level bias predicts racial disparities in school suspensions, expulsions and police referrals. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Greater individual anti-Black bias was associated with a lower likelihood of voting for Obama in 2008 and less support for his healthcare reform. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The authors judge interventions aimed at individual attitudes unlikely to address the systemic causes of bias. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. racial bias racial bias Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. intergroup contact intergroup contact Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. racial socialization racial socialization Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. redlining redlining Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. racially colourblind ideology racially colourblind ideology Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. eminent domain eminent domain Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. manifest destiny manifest destiny Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. racial bias racial bias Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the nested levels of influence the nested levels of influence Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. temporal influences temporal influences Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. approximately 40% — share of US residents in 2020 polling who thought that paying less attention to race would improve racial inequality Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. roughly five times — Black-to-white ratio of US incarceration rates as of 2021 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 75% — share of neighbours who are white for the average white American, as an index of residential segregation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 40% — proportion of preschool children exposed to biased nonverbal signals who then copied those signals themselves Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 67% ... less than 8% — share of South African top management positions held by white people in 2017, versus their share of the population Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 100 times higher — the War on Drugs sentencing ratio between substances used disproportionately by Black versus white Americans Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 57% ... 30% — how often observers attributed their attitude towards a target to the target's own behaviour rather than to the biased treatment the target received Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. five systemic factors — the factors the review covers: power and privilege, cultural narratives and values, segregated communities, shared stereotypes, nonverbal messages Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. systemic factors systemic factors Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. individual-level racial bias individual-level racial bias Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-023-00190-z.