Hearing in Laboratory Animals: Strain Differences and Nonauditory Effects of Noise

Hearing in Laboratory Animals: Strain Differences and Nonauditory Effects of Noise Turner Parrish Hughes Toth Caspary

Tag layer of the DHSS Meta-Tagging Project. The article text is reproduced from the staged copy named in sourceDesc and is not altered; the tags are held separately in standOff so that overlapping and nested spans are preserved.

Hearing in Laboratory Animals: Strain Differences and Nonauditory Effects of Noise 2005 Comparative medicine Turner2005-hearing-in-laboratory-animals-strain-differe Turner2005-hearing-in-laboratory-animals-strain-differe.txt, the project's staged copy 693c7921a7fdd4a903f8b2fef3d964fb93fac424 not-redistributable laboratory-animal-science

the paper's own words

the tag layer; a sentence written by the tagger about the paper, always anchored to a quotation but not itself a quotation

0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them existence Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. nonauditory effects of noise in laboratory animals Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. review review Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Noise engages the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, producing a generic stress response like that of other stressors Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Chronic noise keeps the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activated, so circulating stress hormones stay abnormally high and cause downstream organ-system problems Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Sensory input sets the organism's arousal level, and noise reaches many organ systems through that arousal pathway Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Even quiet background sound masks conspecific communication signals, impairing the animal's ability to communicate Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The review is explicitly selective rather than exhaustive on the auditory-system literature. what this limits: the coverage of the review: THIS OVERVIEW IS NOT AN EXHAUSTIVE SUMMARY OF THE LITERATURE CONCERNING THE EFFECTS OF NOISE ON THE AUDITORY SYSTEM Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Much of the nonauditory evidence comes from human subjects, and its generalisability to animals is not established. what this limits: the transfer of the nonauditory evidence: THE DEGREE TO WHICH SOME OF THESE OBSERVATIONS CAN BE GENERALIZED TO ANIMALS REMAINS TO BE DETERMINED Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The acoustic environment produced by different caging systems has not been compared, so cage-level exposure is not known. what this limits: any cross-facility comparison of auditory work: FURTHER RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO COMPARE THE ACOUSTIC ENVIRONMENT AS A FUNCTION OF DIFFERENT CAGING CONDITIONS - the housing noise environment is an uncontrolled variable Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The evidence base is not yet strong enough to support precise noise guidelines. what this limits: the derivation of noise guidelines: BEFORE MORE PRECISE GUIDELINES CAN BE DEVELOPED, MORE SYSTEMATIC RESEARCH ON NOISE AFFECTS IS NECESSARY Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Strains used as standard laboratory animals go progressively deaf for genetic reasons, with secondary effects reaching brain neurochemistry and social behaviour. what this limits: any mouse experiment using C57BL/6, DBA/2 or BALB/c, whether or not it concerns hearing: these strains experience genetically determined progressive hearing loss with secondary changes from brain neurochemistry to social behaviour Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The review's recommendation is precautionary rather than evidential: assume the exposure could cause any of the effects described. what this limits: noise levels in an animal facility as a controlled variable: the review states researchers should ASSUME noise exposure could cause any or all of the described changes, across a wide variety of biomedical research areas Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The review defines its central term as broadly as possible, by stipulation. what this limits: the scope of 'noise' in this review: it is stipulated as any sound in the environment, so the effects described are not restricted to loud or aversive sound Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The central term is defined by stipulation and as broadly as possible - 'noise can be defined broadly as any sound in the environment' - so the review's scope is set by a definitional choice rather than by a property of the sounds, and every claim about 'noise' inherits that breadth. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. noise noise Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. temporary threshold shift temporary threshold shift Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. strain strain Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. C57BL/6 C57BL/6 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. hearing loss hearing loss Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. hearing loss - TEMPORARY: a temporary threshold shift, which recovers Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. noise - stipulated for this review as ANY sound in the environment, rather than as unwanted or damaging sound Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. noise - stipulated for this review as ANY SOUND IN THE ENVIRONMENT, defined 'broadly' and by fiat rather than by acoustic or perceptual criteria, which is what lets the review range from cage ventilation to conspecific calls Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → Babisch (reference 6), a recent review of noise effects in humans concluding that noise is an established psychosocial stressor Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. strain —causes→ hearing loss strain hearing loss strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: THE STANDARD LABORATORY ANIMAL HAS THE CONFOUND BUILT IN. '…IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH (e.g., C57BL/6, DBA/2, and BALB/c)…' The animals chosen as the standard are not typical on the variable, and the consequences reach fields that never measure it - the same shape as the WEIRD-sample problem, in a different kingdom. Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but inbred strains 'experience a genetically determined' hearing loss; causes from 'strain' is loose. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Baseline background noise across the spectrum was around 42 dB SPL. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A routine husbandry action, snapping a wire-top lid onto a shoebox cage, generates a near-100 dB SPL low-frequency impulse with roughly 80 dB SPL of energy extending into the ultrasonic range up to 40 kHz. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Most facility noise traces to two sources: staff activity itself, and animals vocalising or banging cages in reaction to people being present. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. DBA/2 mice begin losing hearing at about two weeks of age and are profoundly deaf by three to four months. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Two common rat strains differ in opposite directions by roughly 20 dB: F344 hear low frequencies better and FBN hybrids hear high frequencies better. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Chronic exposure to as little as 65 dB(A) of noise can induce a variety of nonauditory effects. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Rearing animals in the constant white-noise masking background recommended by some facilities may itself harm auditory development by masking vocalisations and other natural input. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. noise noise Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. spectral analysis spectral analysis Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. dB sound pressure level (SPL) dB sound pressure level (SPL) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. acoustic priming acoustic priming Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. frequency frequency Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. temporary threshold shift temporary threshold shift Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. permanent threshold shift permanent threshold shift Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. environmental noise environmental noise Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. environmental variables environmental variables Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 42 dB SPL — Baseline background noise level measured inside a rat cage in a standard animal housing room Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. nearly 100 dB SPL — Peak low-frequency impulse produced by attaching a wire-top lid to a shoebox cage Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ≥ 85 dB — Sound pressure level above which prolonged chronic exposure is recommended to be treated as capable of causing permanent cochlear hearing loss Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 75% — Proportion of acoustically primed CBA mice that seized and died on re-exposure to the 123-dB noise Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. more than 90% — Share of mammals used in research that are mice, whose hearing extends into the ultrasonic range beyond human hearing Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 60 episodes/0.5 h at ≥ 90 dB — Rate of loud noise episodes recorded in animal facilities in the morning, rising above 100 dB in the evening Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at .