Who Is Called by the Dog Whistle? Experimental Evidence That Racial Resentment and Political Ideology Condition Responses to Racially Encoded Messages

Who Is Called by the Dog Whistle? Experimental Evidence That Racial Resentment and Political Ideology Condition Responses to Racially Encoded Messages Wetts Willer

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Who Is Called by the Dog Whistle? Experimental Evidence That Racial Resentment and Political Ideology Condition Responses to Racially Encoded Messages 2019 Socius 10.1177/2378023119866268 Wetts2019-who-is-called-by-the-dog-whistle-experimenta Wetts2019-who-is-called-by-the-dog-whistle-experimenta.txt, the project's staged copy 7d7ed2a31edeb7b8fd68c4fe750e6bdd1a506107 not-redistributable political-sociology

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them mechanism Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. racial priming by implicit (dog-whistle) political appeals Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. behavioural-experiment behavioural-experiment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Subtly cued racial stereotypes lower perceived deservingness of welfare recipients, and that reduced deservingness in turn reduces support for welfare spending. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Colorblind norms in liberal political culture suppress discussion of black Americans' outcomes, so liberals lack ready structural explanations and cannot rebut appeals that tie those outcomes to racial stereotypes. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Repeated exposure to racialized welfare rhetoric builds chronic race-policy associations among moderates and conservatives, leaving no room for a novel appeal to strengthen the link further. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms THE PAPER FLAGS ITS OWN CENTRAL FINDING AS UNPREDICTED, IN THE ABSTRACT, AND SUPPLIES THE GROUND FOR BELIEVING IT ANYWAY IN THE SAME SENTENCE: THAT DOG-WHISTLE EFFECTS WOULD BE CONCENTRATED AMONG LIBERALS WAS NOT PREDICTED IN ADVANCE, but this finding appears across two experiments testing effects of racial appeals in policy domains - welfare and gun control - THAT DIFFER IN THE EXTENT AND WAYS THEY HAVE BEEN PREVIOUSLY RACIALIZED. The replication is offered as the answer to the post-hoc objection, and the two domains are chosen for their difference rather than their similarity Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms THE MODERATOR IS MEASURED TWO WEEKS BEFORE THE TREATMENT, which is what lets it be read as a disposition the message ACTS ON rather than an attitude the message produced: white Americans' racial attitudes were measured TWO WEEKS BEFORE they read political messages in which Quotation withheld at all Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms AND THE CONTROL CONDITION IS REPORTED AS PARTLY FAILING ITS OWN THEORY: the same group OCCASIONALLY RESPONDED TO EXPLICIT RACIAL APPEALS EVEN THOUGH THESE APPEALS WERE RECOGNIZED AS RACIALLY INSENSITIVE. On the dog-whistle account an explicit appeal should be neutralised by the egalitarian norm the moment it is recognised, so a recognised appeal that still moves opinion is a result against the mechanism, reported by its own testers Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Using real political rhetoric bought external validity at the cost of internal validity. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Stylistic differences remain between the implicit and explicit excerpts despite matching for length, theme and argument content. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. MTurk samples are unsuited to describing the characteristics of the racially resentful liberal subgroup the results hinge on. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. No data on participants' non-racial policy attitudes, so the concern that these 'liberals' may be ideologically mislabelled cannot be fully addressed. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. a control condition carrying a CONSERVATIVE ARGUMENT with no racial content eliminates: that the response is to conservative political argument as such rather than to the racial appeal - the control matches the ideology and removes only the race · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. dog-whistle hypothesis dog-whistle hypothesis Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. racial priming theory racial priming theory Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. racial resentment racial resentment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. implicit implicit Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. explicit explicit Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. liberals liberals Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the dog-whistle hypothesis / racial priming theory - ONE THEORY UNDER TWO NAMES, and this paper is where the corpus can see it, because the equivalence is stated rather than inferred: `the dog-whistle hypothesis, or racial priming theory`. The first name comes from political communication, the second from political psychology Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. implicit versus explicit, as this literature means it - not about the SUBJECT'S awareness of being influenced, as in the media-priming records, but about whether the MESSAGE names its racial content. The condition is a property of the stimulus, and the theory's prediction is that only the unnamed version can work Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. an unpredicted finding, marked as one BY THE AUTHORS IN THE ABSTRACT - and given, in the same sentence, the reason it should still be believed: it appears across two experiments in policy domains that differ in how far they have been racialized. A post-hoc result and its own robustness argument, stated together Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → racial priming theory (the dog-whistle hypothesis as previously formulated) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extends → the dog-whistle hypothesis Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → Hutchings et al. (2010) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. dog-whistle hypothesis —same-as→ racial priming theory dog-whistle hypothesis racial priming theory strength of the relation: 0.95 · note: THE EQUIVALENCE IS STATED, NOT INFERRED - 'the dog-whistle hypothesis, OR racial priming theory' - which is rarer in this corpus than the two names are. Elsewhere tonight the corpus had to infer that two literatures were discussing one thing; here the authors say so in passing because they need both audiences. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. implicit —distinct-from→ explicit implicit explicit differs in: WHETHER THE MESSAGE NAMES ITS RACIAL CONTENT - a property of the stimulus, not of the subject's awareness of being influenced. The theory predicts only the unnamed version can work · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: Worth setting beside Hoewe2020, where 'implicit' is a property of the CONSUMER'S processing. Same word, different bearer. Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but implicit and explicit racial appeals; distinct-from is implied. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. regression regression Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Cronbach's alpha Cronbach's alpha Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. bootstrap bootstrap Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. confidence interval confidence interval Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. logistic regression logistic regression Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. p-value p-value Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mean mean Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. standard deviation standard deviation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. In Study 1, participants who read an implicit racial appeal opposing welfare reported significantly less support for welfare than those who read a message with no racial appeal. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The welfare dog-whistle effect was concentrated among self-identified liberals high in racial resentment, who became less supportive of welfare after the implicit appeal. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. In Study 2, implicit racial appeals increased the effect of prior racial attitudes on gun-control support among liberals. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. In Study 2 the implicit appeal also harnessed explicit racial prejudice, making prejudiced liberals more supportive of gun control than in the control condition. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Implicit and explicit racial appeals did not differ significantly in how much they increased the impact of racial attitudes on policy views. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Among political moderates the implicit pro-gun-control appeal backfired, lowering gun-control support among the most racially prejudiced rather than raising it. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED - THE POINTER WAS WRONG, NOT THE CLAIM) · Racially resentful white liberals were particularly likely to have switched from Obama in 2012 to Trump in 2016. EVIDENCE CORRECTED: RE-GROUNDED - THE POINTER WAS WRONG, NOT THE CLAIM. The old evidence was verbatim, anchored and correctly cut, and it contained NONE of this claim's numbers (2012, 2016). The paper states the claim in one sentence elsewhere and the tagger did not use it. the project, 2026-08-23: 'WE HAVE SPENT THE DAY VERIFYING THAT QUOTES ARE REAL AND NONE OF IT ASKS WHETHER THEY ARE RELEVANT.' Confirmed by reading the claim, the old span and the candidate together; the candidate carries every number AND the claim's own content words. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. dog-whistle hypothesis dog-whistle hypothesis Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. implicit racial appeal implicit racial appeal Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. racial appeal racial appeal Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. welfare support welfare support Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. support for gun control support for gun control Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. welfare recipient deservingness welfare recipient deservingness Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. political knowledge political knowledge Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. racial resentment racial resentment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. explicit racial prejudice explicit racial prejudice Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. N = 1,797 — total white participants across the two survey experiments Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 865 — Study 1 participants retained for analysis after excluding 34 for implausible reading times Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. p = .04 — significance of the three-way liberalism x racial resentment x implicit appeal interaction on welfare support Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Cronbach’s α = .92 — internal consistency of the eight-item racial resentment scale Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 3.1 percent — share of the US population that racially resentful white liberals constitute, roughly 10 million people Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. About 20 percent — share of white liberals in each sample and in 2016 ANES who count as high in racial resentment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023119866268.