x 10 9 may be x 10⁹, chi 2 5 may be chi-squared with five degrees of freedom, and 1 2 may be one half. Read any expression here against the published paper before relying on it.standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| second reading | alternatives | an independent re-reading of a facet, recorded whether or not it agrees |
| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| contribution | contribution | what the paper claims to add |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| object of study | object_of_study | what the paper is about — the thing it investigates |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| research question | research_question | the question the paper sets itself |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
This record holds no relations between concepts. A layer is empty when the tagger recorded nothing in it — which is not the same as the paper having nothing to record.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| object_of_study | the activity correlations between pairs of hippocampal CA1 cells, measured across sleep before behaviour, behaviour, and sleep after it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | object_of_study | the paper's words | |
| research_question | whether the interactions among hippocampal cells change in a way SPECIFIC to the experience just had, rather than changing in general Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | research_question | the paper's words | |
| contribution | the first demonstration that cells coactive during behaviour become more correlated in the sleep that follows, while cells that were active and NOT coactive do not Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | contribution | the paper's words | |
| claim_type | existence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | hippocampal ensemble reactivation during sleep Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: electrophysiology | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[2] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | an autoassociative network in which RECURRENT EXCITATION reproduces a stored activity pattern from very little input - so background noise alone can push the network into a stored state, seen as a population burst Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | random background noise occasionally lands the network in a correlated state, and the resulting population bursts ARE the ripples - the paper's account of why the effect appears in discrete events rather than continuously Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | storage is fast synaptic modification in the hippocampus during waking; sleep is the playback, and the transfer target is neocortex Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The increased correlation implies associative synaptic change somewhere in the system, but not necessarily inside the hippocampus. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | Neocortical or subcortical changes are an alternative source of the increased correlations. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | THE PAPER REFUSES TO LOCATE ITS OWN MECHANISM. The increased correlation is called consistent with associative synaptic modification `at some stage in the system, although not necessarily in the hippocampus` - the structure it recorded from Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | a PAIR-WISE correlation cannot show that the activity is organised into a coherent representation; the paper says the prior single-cell result was suggestive and could not settle it, which is the same limit its own measure has Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the population encoding any one event is expected to be small, so the whole design depends on recording enough cells for the pair count to grow as the square Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | cell pairs that were ACTIVE during running but NOT COACTIVE - non-overlapping place fields - are measured through the same PRE and POST sleep sessions as the coactive pairs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: any explanation that would raise correlations across the board: arousal, electrode drift, general post-behaviour excitability, or a recording artefact of the sleep session itself · outcome: held | controls[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | the RUN phase is checked first for the effect the sorting assumes - that overlapping place fields do produce correlated firing and non-overlapping ones do not Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: a sort that does not separate what it claims to, which would make the POST comparison meaningless in either direction · outcome: held | controls[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | the correlation is computed separately DURING ripples and in the intervals between them Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: an effect spread evenly through sleep, which would not support the proposed burst-based transfer mechanism · outcome: absent-not-in-staged-text | controls[2] | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| controls | whether the correlation increase can be localised to the hippocampus at all Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: nothing - the paper states the modification may be at some other stage in the system · outcome: absent-declared-unreported | controls[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | place fields Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: place fields | concepts[0] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | cross-correlations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cross-correlations | concepts[1] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | ripples Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ripples | concepts[2] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | autoassociative memory Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: autoassociative memory | concepts[3] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | synaptic modification Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: synaptic modification | concepts[4] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| senses | reactivation - AS MEASURED HERE: an increase in the short-latency cross-correlation of a cell PAIR from PRE to POST sleep. Not a replayed sequence, not a retrieved memory, not a hippocampal event specifically - the instrument sees a pair statistic and the title names a memory. The paper marks that gap twice rather than closing it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | memory, AS THE PAPER USES IT HERE: `the structure of distributed representations of the visited locations`, retained across sleep. The definition is spatial and population-level, and it is what the overlap-sorted pairs operationalise Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | ripple - a synchronised intermittent burst during slow-wave sleep, identified with the EEG sharp wave. Used here as the WINDOW in which the correlation effect is concentrated, and as the network signature of a stored pattern being re-entered Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | the ripple/inter-ripple split - the paper's own test of where in sleep the effect lives. The design is stated plainly; its RESULT is the one sentence in this record that OCR damage puts out of reach, and the control below says so rather than borrowing a verdict from its neighbour Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[3] | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| alternatives | claim_type: existence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: existence — note: a second reading reaching the same value from a different sentence. Not applied - a person decides. | alternatives.claim_type | the tagger's words | |
| alternatives | method: simultaneous recording of 50 to 100 CA1 cells, short-latency spike-train cross-correlation computed per pair over each of three phases, pairs sorted by how much their place fields overlap Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: electrophysiology — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. | alternatives.method | the tagger's words | |
| alternatives | phenomenon: experience-specific reactivation - coactivity acquired during waking behaviour re-expressed in hippocampal circuits during subsequent slow-wave sleep Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: hippocampal ensemble reactivation during sleep — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. | alternatives.phenomenon | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | builds-on → previous theoretical models of autoassociative memory (ref. 6) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | extends → the large-ensemble recording method itself, used here because the number of observable pair-wise interactions grows as the square of the cells recorded - the argument that makes an experience-specific effect measurable at all Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | critiques → the indirect synaptic-efficacy evidence for hippocampal learning, on the ground that no change had been shown that was SPECIFIC to a given experience Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | supports → autoassociative network models in which recurrent excitation reconstructs a stored pattern from little input Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | ANOVA Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ANOVA | content_tags.statistics[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | cross-correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cross-correlation | content_tags.statistics[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | mean Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mean | content_tags.statistics[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | cross-correlations Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cross-correlations | content_tags.statistics[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: correlation | content_tags.statistics[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Hippocampal CA1 cells that fired together during a spatial behavioural task showed increased tendency to fire together in the sleep that followed, relative to the sleep that preceded the task. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The increase was specific to coactive pairs: cells silent during behaviour, and active cells whose place fields did not overlap, showed no such increase. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Coactive (overlapping place field) pairs rose significantly above their pre-behaviour correlation level, whereas pairs of spatially firing cells with non-overlapping fields did not. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The reactivation effect decayed across the post-behaviour sleep session with a time constant of about 12 minutes. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The sleep correlations were concentrated in the synchronized population bursts (ripples) rather than in the intervals between them. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | During running, cells with overlapping place fields were strongly positively correlated while non-overlapping pairs were not, confirming the grouping used for the sleep comparison. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | cells coactive during behaviour show a SIGNIFICANT INCREASE in correlation from PRE to POST sleep, and pairs that fired spatially but not in the same region do not - the effect is specific to shared experience, not to having been active Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[6] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | THE PAPER DECLINES TO PLACE ITS OWN MECHANISM: the increase is consistent with associative synaptic modification at some stage in the system, ALTHOUGH NOT NECESSARILY IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[7] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the sorting variable is validated before it is used - during RUN, overlapping place fields are highly positively correlated and non-overlapping ones are not Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[8] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | large simultaneously recorded ensembles were studied because the number of observable pair interactions grows as the SQUARE of the sample size Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[9] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | waking activity retains the structure of distributed representations of the visited locations across sleep - stated as the paper's conclusion Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[10] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | intermittent, synchronized bursts in which cells discharge during slow-wave sleep, associated with EEG sharp-wave activity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ripples | content_tags.definitions[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | a model in which recurrent excitation reproduces a previously stored activity pattern even when the input contains very little of the relevant information Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: autoassociative memory | content_tags.definitions[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | amount of overlap Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: amount of overlap | content_tags.variables[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | cross-correlation of spike trains Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: cross-correlation of spike trains | content_tags.variables[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | significant spatial firing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: significant spatial firing | content_tags.variables[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | place fields Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: place fields | content_tags.variables[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | overlap Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: overlap | content_tags.variables[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | approximately 12 min — time constant of the decay of the reactivated correlation during post-behaviour sleep Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | rat 1: 49 cells; rat 2: 74 cells; rat 3: 69 cells — number of simultaneously recorded hippocampal pyramidal cells in each of the three rats Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 50 to 100 — number of single CA1 cells monitored simultaneously in each recording session Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | NON 437 and OVR 60; NON 719 and OVR 95; NON 941 and OVR 147 — numbers of non-overlapping versus overlapping cell pairs contributing to the histograms for rats 1, 2 and 3 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | P < 0.05 — significance level at which the post-run correlation increase for coactive pairs was established by ANOVA Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | approximately 20 min — duration of each of the PRE, RUN and POST recording periods Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | minutes - the approximate duration of each of the three phases, PRE, RUN and POST Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[6] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.