Recalibration of Auditory Space following Milliseconds of Cross-Modal Discrepancy

Recalibration of Auditory Space following Milliseconds of Cross-Modal Discrepancy Wozny Shams

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Recalibration of Auditory Space following Milliseconds of Cross-Modal Discrepancy 2011 The Journal of Neuroscience 10.1523/jneurosci.6079-10.2011 Wozny2011-recalibration-of-auditory-space-following-mi Wozny2011-recalibration-of-auditory-space-following-mi.txt, the project's staged copy 38518cb35178865921abcd81f10add3f3b596723 not-redistributable neuroscience

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them how quickly the auditory spatial map is recalibrated by conflicting visual information, and whether accumulated evidence of error is required to trigger it Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. is cross-sensory recalibration engaged from the first discrepancy, or only after repeated and consistent error Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. shows the auditory spatial map shifts after a single 35 ms exposure to an audiovisual discrepancy, so recalibration is continuously operational rather than triggered by accumulated error Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. existence Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. visual recalibration of auditory space Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. behavioural-experiment behavioural-experiment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Vision acts as a teaching signal that corrects the auditory spatial map because visual location estimates are far more reliable (lower response variance) than auditory ones, producing self-supervised learning without external feedback Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms Perceived unity of the two signals plus the size of the discrepancy jointly gate recalibration, so a sizable map shift happens only when the conflict is likely to reflect systematic error rather than noise, which keeps the perceptual system stable Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the field's default position is diagnosed as an artefact of which experiments existed: no one had tested single exposures, so the accumulation account won implicitly Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the experiment is not built but found - pseudorandom interleaving in a dataset collected for another question makes every auditory trial's predecessor a single-exposure manipulation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. two accounts that agree on most trials are separated by isolating the subset where they predict opposite directions Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the dependent measure is defined relative to each observer's own average response to that sound position, so a shift of zero is what randomness would give Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the preceding-auditory-trial condition serves as the control that a general response bias would also have produced, and it shows nothing Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. an unmeasured variable - whether the two stimuli were perceived as one event - is recovered indirectly from the spatial judgments themselves Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the cutoff defining that inferred variable is disclosed as arbitrary and checked for robustness Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the decay of the effect is traced by stepping back through the trial history rather than by a separate experiment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. accumulation is measured by finding runs of consecutive same-direction discrepancies that the randomisation happened to produce Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the paper names the possibility that its own randomised design created the plasticity it reports Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the stability objection is answered by the unity dependence: large shifts happen only when the signals are taken to share a source, which is when a discrepancy implies a real error Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A response-level (rather than perceptual) account of the visual bias cannot be ruled out. what this limits: the perceptual interpretation of the visual bias: a response-level account CANNOT BE RULED OUT, though previous sound position had no effect on the current auditory response Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The reason the effect fails to cross the midline is undetermined. what this limits: the hemifield result specifically: IT IS NOT CLEAR WHETHER THIS REFLECTS A MIDLINE BOUNDARY or something else - the effect does not transfer across hemifields Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Perceived unity was inferred from spatial judgements rather than reported by observers. what this limits: any claim resting on perceived unity: it was inferred from spatial judgements rather than reported by the observers Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The trajectory of recalibration over repeated exposures needs a dedicated, larger and blocked design. what this limits: the time course of recalibration: FUTURE STUDIES SHOULD FURTHER EXPLORE THE DYNAMICS OF RECALIBRATION ... WITH LARGER SAMPLE SIZES AND ADDITIONAL NUMBER OF REPETITIONS Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the visual-location bias cannot be shown to be perceptual rather than a decision-level response bias what this limits: the perceptual interpretation of the visual-location bias: a general response bias explanation is LESS LIKELY; HOWEVER, THIS EXPLANATION CANNOT BE RULED OUT Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. why vision teaches audition and not the reverse is undecided between reliability weighting and a fixed teacher role what this limits: the reliability-weighting account of why vision teaches audition: ONE MODALITY (E.G., VISION) [may] ENJOY THE HARDWIRED STATUS OF TEACHER REGARDLESS OF THE QUALITY OF THE SIGNAL AT ANY GIVEN TIME Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the randomly varying discrepancies may themselves have induced an unusually plastic state what this limits: the recalibration rate reported here: EXPOSURE TO RANDOMLY VARYING DISCREPANCIES ACROSS TRIALS IN THIS EXPERIMENT INDUCED THE NERVOUS SYSTEM TO ENTER A 'PLASTIC STATE', THUS RESULTING [in] A HIGHER RATE OF RECALIBRATION THAN USUAL Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. whether the shift is capped or the learning rate slows is not resolved what this limits: the plateau in the shift: it COULD BE DUE TO A HARDWIRED CAP ON THE DEGREE OF CHANGE IN THESE BASIC MAPS, OR ALTERNATIVELY, DUE TO A SLOWING DOWN OF THE LEARNING RATE Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. perception of unity was never asked for and had to be inferred from the responses what this limits: the same scope as limitations[2] - perception of unity was never asked for and had to be inferred from the spatial responses Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the teaching signal and self-supervised learning, imported to describe one modality correcting another with no external feedback Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the trial-by-trial adaptation-to-induced-error paradigm, imported as the expected timescale that sensory maps were assumed not to share Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. stimulus position along the azimuth was randomised across trials eliminates: that a shift in reported location is a response bias built up over an ordered sequence · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the size of the shift was examined as a function of audiovisual discrepancy, including the largest discrepancies eliminates: that the recalibration is ordinary visual capture - at large discrepancies visual bias should fall away, and the shift does not · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ventriloquist aftereffect ventriloquist aftereffect Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. auditory–visual discrepancy auditory–visual discrepancy Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. auditory localization auditory localization Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. perception → learning NO BOUNDARY CAN BE DRAWN - the CONCEPTUAL form of the negative relation / This is a claim about the concepts themselves, not about this study's data. No edge type can express it: all eight assert that a relation HOLDS. Four words that dissolve a boundary two literatures are built on. There is nowhere in the schema for a FINDING WHOSE CONTENT IS THAT A DISTINCTION IS LESS SHARP THAN ASSUMED. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. recalibration - as a slow developmental or post-injury repair process versus as a continuously running self-maintenance mechanism; the paper moves the term from the first to the second Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the shift in perceived sound location - as a bias toward the absolute location of the seen stimulus versus as a shift of the auditory map in the direction of the discrepancy; the two coincide on most trials and are separated only on a designed subset Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. bias - response bias at the decision level versus perceptual bias as a prior expectation; the data cannot separate them Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. perception versus learning - a distinction the result is said to blur, since a single 35 ms exposure changes a perceptual map Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. adaptation - motor, where an error signal is directly fed back, versus sensory, where one modality must serve as the teacher Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. why vision teaches audition - because its estimates are more reliable here, or because it holds the teacher role regardless of signal quality; two senses of a modality being dominant Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. claim_type: existence a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: existence — note: a second reading reaching the same value from a different sentence. Not applied - a person decides. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. method: re-analysis of a spatial localisation dataset in which pseudorandom interleaving of 35 auditory, visual and audiovisual conditions makes each auditory trial's predecessor an unplanned single-exposure manipulation a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: behavioural-experiment — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. phenomenon: cross-sensory recalibration of auditory space by vision - the ventriloquist aftereffect, at single-trial timescale a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: visual recalibration of auditory space — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → Wozny et al., 2010 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extends → McLaughlin, 1967; Redding and Wallace, 2003; Thoroughman et al., 2007 (motor adaptation) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → Hofman et al., 1998; Zwiers et al., 2003 (sensory recalibration as slow, long-term adjustment) differs in: the timescale: SENSORY RECALIBRATION HAS TRADITIONALLY BEEN REGARDED AS A PROCESS FOR ADJUSTING TO LONG-TERM CHANGES SUCH AS THOSE OCCURRING DURING DEVELOPMENT OR AFTER A PERMANENT DAMAGE FROM INJURY OR STROKE - against a single-trial effect Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → the accumulation hypothesis, that recalibration requires repeated and consistent evidence of error before engaging differs in: when the mechanism engages, stated by the paper as a numbered pair: (1) A MECHANISM THAT BECOMES ENGAGED FROM THE ONSET OF EXPOSURE TO THE DISCREPANCY; AND (2) A MECHANISM THAT REQUIRES ACCUMULATION OF EVIDENCE OF ERROR IN THE FORM OF REPEATED AND CONSISTENT DISCREPANCY BEFORE IT BECOMES ENGAGED Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. critiques → the inference from absent evidence to the accumulation account, which the field had made implicitly differs in: THE AXIS IS AN ABSENCE OF EVIDENCE ACTING AS SUPPORT. 'Quotation withheld' Nobody argued for the slow account on its merits - it won by default because the fast one had not been demonstrated, and the paper names that as the reason the field believes what it believes. A 'critiques' records a dispute with a hypothesis and drops that THE SUPPORT WAS NEVER POSITIVE. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. extends → ventriloquist-aftereffect studies using hundreds or thousands of exposures at a fixed discrepancy Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → the view that spatial and temporal maps are foundational and therefore stable differs in: whether the map is expected to move at all: SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL MAPS ARE CONSIDERED FOUNDATIONAL TO ALL PERCEPTUAL PROCESSES AND ARE EXPECTED TO BE FAIRLY STABLE Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. supports → reliability-weighted accounts of cross-modal dominance Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → motor adaptation studies showing recalibration within a few trials of induced error Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ventriloquist aftereffect —is-a→ cross-sensory recalibration ventriloquist aftereffect cross-sensory recalibration strength of the relation: 0.9 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span names the 'ventriloquist aftereffect'; 'sensory recalibration' is named in the previous sentences, 'cross-sensory recalibration' nowhere. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. response bias —distinct-from→ perceptual bias response bias perceptual bias strength of the relation: 0.95 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the bias 'could reflect' either a response or a perceptual bias; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. reliability —causes→ teaching signal reliability teaching signal strength of the relation: 0.75 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but 'It seems that' vision provided the teaching signal because it was more reliable; hedged. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. plastic state —causes→ cross-sensory recalibration plastic state cross-sensory recalibration strength of the relation: 0.7 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but it is 'conceivable' that a plastic state raised the rate of recalibration; hedged. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. auditory–visual discrepancy —causes→ auditory localization auditory–visual discrepancy auditory localization the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 0.95 · note: RE-GROUNDS another row of this record. The span always stated the relation; the endpoint names did not match its words. 'normalised' maps them onto the concepts the record already has. · the relation stated: the shift in where a sound is heard is DRIVEN BY the preceding audio-visual mismatch Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA by ranks Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA by ranks Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Wilcoxon signed-rank test Wilcoxon signed-rank test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. multiple-comparison correction multiple-comparison correction Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. standard deviation standard deviation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. standard error of the mean standard error of the mean Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. linear regression linear regression Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA by ranks test Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA by ranks test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. two-sided Wilcoxon signed rank test two-sided Wilcoxon signed rank test Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Bonferroni–Holm correction Bonferroni–Holm correction Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. SD SD Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A single exposure of a few milliseconds to a spatially discrepant sound and flash shifted where the next isolated sound was heard. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The shift followed the sign and size of the audio-visual discrepancy rather than the absolute position of the seen stimulus, identifying it as recalibration of the auditory map rather than a bias toward the visual location. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Separately from recalibration, auditory localisation was pulled toward the absolute position of the visual stimulus presented on the preceding unisensory visual trial. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The position of a preceding unisensory auditory stimulus had no significant effect on the current auditory judgement, arguing against a simple response bias. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Recalibration was larger after audio-visual trials perceived as coming from one source, suggesting perceived unity influences the size of the shift. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Repeating discrepancies in the same direction accumulated a progressively larger shift, but at a decelerating rate, implying a decreasing learning rate rather than a fixed step. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The recalibration was one-directional: no corresponding shift of the visual spatial map by sound was detectable. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The effect weakened the further back in the trial history the audio-visual exposure lay, because intervening discrepancies pushed in other directions. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. auditory localisation shifted significantly with the location of the visual stimulus on the preceding trial Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. no significant effect followed the location of a preceding auditory trial Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the audiovisual discrepancy on the preceding trial significantly shifted auditory localisation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. on the subset where the two accounts predict opposite directions, the shift followed the discrepancy and not the absolute visual location Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. recalibration followed a single presentation of a few milliseconds, with no feedback or reinforcement Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the shift was larger when the preceding audiovisual pair had been perceived as one event Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the effect degraded the further back in the trial history the preceding audiovisual trial lay Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the shift grew with the number of consecutive same-direction discrepancies Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. no shift of the visual spatial map was found, so the teaching relation is one-directional Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. a single exposure produced a significant, sizable shift of about 5% in the spatial map Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. auditory localisation was about 2.4 times as variable as visual localisation, 6.0 against 2.5 degrees Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. even the smallest discrepancy tested, 6.5 degrees, shifted the subsequent percept Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cross-sensory recalibration cross-sensory recalibration Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ventriloquist aftereffect ventriloquist aftereffect Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cross-sensory recalibration cross-sensory recalibration Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ventriloquist aftereffect ventriloquist aftereffect Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. shift in perceived auditory location shift in perceived auditory location Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. perception of unity perception of unity Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. spatial discrepancy spatial discrepancy Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. type of stimuli type of stimuli Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. shift in perceived auditory location shift in perceived auditory location Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. position along the azimuth position along the azimuth Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. shift in perceived auditory location shift in perceived auditory location Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AV spatial discrepancy AV spatial discrepancy Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. perception of unity perception of unity Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. number of repeated exposures number of repeated exposures Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. n = 146 — number of observers tested Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 35 ms — duration of the auditory (and visual) stimulus, i.e. the entire exposure that produced recalibration Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 0 to ± 26° — range of audio-visual spatial discrepancy produced by the five speaker and five visual locations Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 5% — size of the auditory map shift after a single exposure, as a fraction of the experienced discrepancy Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 6.5° — smallest audio-visual discrepancy tested that still produced a shift in the subsequent auditory percept Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 6.0° — average standard deviation of unisensory auditory localisation responses Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 2.5° — average standard deviation of unisensory visual localisation responses, i.e. vision was the more reliable modality Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. p = 0.000 — significance of the effect of preceding visual location on the auditory shift Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 35 ms — duration of the auditory and visual stimuli, and so of the single exposure Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. n = 146 — observers Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 0 to ± 26° — range of audiovisual spatial discrepancy across conditions Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 6.0° against 2.5° — average response standard deviation, auditory against visual Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 5% — shift in the spatial map after a single exposure Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 6.5° — the smallest discrepancy that still produced a shift Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 0.5° and 6° — the cutoffs separating post-unity from post-independence trials Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.6079-10.2011.