standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| second reading | alternatives | an independent re-reading of a facet, recorded whether or not it agrees |
| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| contribution | contribution | what the paper claims to add |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| object of study | object_of_study | what the paper is about — the thing it investigates |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| research question | research_question | the question the paper sets itself |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
| transfer | transfers | a method or concept carried in from another field |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 6 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| object_of_study | The connectivity distribution of large real networks - film-actor collaboration, the world wide web, the western US power grid and scientific citation - and what generates it. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | object_of_study | the paper's words | |
| research_question | Why does the connectivity of large real networks follow a power law, when the established random-graph models predict that highly connected vertices should be practically absent? Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | research_question | the paper's words | |
| contribution | Identifies growth and preferential attachment as the two mechanisms that generate scale-free connectivity, and gives a model reproducing it. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | contribution | the paper's words | |
| claim_type | mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | scale-free degree distribution in large networks Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | simulation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: simulation | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the model reproduces the scale-free degree distribution but cannot account for all aspects of real networks Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: every application of the model beyond the degree distribution: IT CANNOT BE EXPECTED TO ACCOUNT FOR ALL ASPECTS OF THE STUDIED NETWORKS | limitations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The model is not expected to capture everything about the networks it is fitted to. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[0] | limitations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | Only a few real networks have detailed topological data available to test against. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the empirical support for the whole claim: DETAILED TOPOLOGICAL DATA IS AVAILABLE ONLY FOR A FEW of the systems that form complex networks | limitations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The model assumes strictly linear preferential attachment. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: every result derived from the model: IN THE MODEL WE ASSUMED LINEAR PREFERENTIAL ATTACHMENT - an assumption, not a measurement | limitations[3] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The single model exponent does not match the spread of exponents measured across the real networks. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the predicted exponent specifically: Quotation withheld, while the model gives a single value | limitations[4] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The model is not offered as a full account of the systems it is fitted to. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. duplicate of: limitations[1] · what this limits: the same scope as limitations[0] | limitations[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | Attachment is assumed linear; scaling survives only at that exponent, which is a strong assumption rather than a result. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the scale-free result itself, which survives at one parameter value only: SIMULATIONS INDICATE THAT SCALING IS PRESENT ONLY FOR alpha = 1 | limitations[6] | 0.8 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The model gives γ = 3 while the measured exponents run from 2.1 to 4, so the central prediction does not match any of the four datasets exactly. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the same scope as limitations[4] - the central prediction against the measured spread | limitations[7] | 0.7 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The paper's dynamic prediction about how a vertex accumulates edges over time could not be tested with the data available. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the dynamic growth prediction, which is untested here: Quotation withheld | limitations[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The power-law region for the power grid is weak, and the paper says so rather than fitting it anyway. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the power-grid case only: DUE TO THE RELATIVELY MODEST SIZE OF THE NETWORK, CONTAINING ONLY 4941 VERTICES, THE SCALING REGION IS LESS PROMINENT | limitations[9] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | the Erdos-Renyi random graph as the incumbent model of complex network topology, taken up and then shown to be the wrong model because real networks grow and attach preferentially Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[0] | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| controls | two VARIANTS of the model were built, each dropping one of the two ingredients Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: that only one of growth and preferential attachment is doing the work - an ablation, so the scale-free degree distribution cannot be attributed to the wrong mechanism · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held | controls[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | preferential attachment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: preferential attachment | concepts[2] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | network Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: network | concepts[4] | 1.0 | the paper's words |
| concepts | scale-free Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: scale-free | concepts[5] | 1.0 | the paper's words |
| concepts | vertex Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: vertex | concepts[6] | 1.0 | the paper's words |
| concepts | random graph Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: random graph | concepts[7] | 1.0 | the paper's words |
| concepts | small world Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: small world | concepts[8] | 1.0 | the paper's words |
| concepts | genetic network Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: genetic network | concepts[9] | 1.0 | the paper's words |
| concepts | world wide web Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: world wide web | concepts[10] | 1.0 | the paper's words |
| concepts | six degrees of separation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: six degrees of separation | concepts[11] | 1.0 | the paper's words |
| concepts | power-law Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: power-law | concepts[12] | 1.0 | the paper's words |
| concepts | small-world phenomenon Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: small-world phenomenon | concepts[13] | the paper's words | |
| senses | network - a genetic network, where the vertices are proteins and genes and the edges are chemical interactions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | network - the nervous system, where the vertices are nerve cells and the edges are axons Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | network - a social network, where the vertices are individuals or organizations and the edges are social interactions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | network - the world wide web, where the vertices are HTML documents and the edges are links between pages Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | network - a citation network, where the vertices are published papers and the edges are the references between them Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | network - a collaboration graph, where the vertices are film actors and two are joined if they appeared in the same film Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| alternatives | method: computational-model Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading. Recorded: simulation — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. | alternatives.method | the tagger's words | |
| alternatives | phenomenon: scale-free power-law distribution of vertex connectivity in large networks Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading. Recorded: scale-free degree distribution in large networks — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides. | alternatives.phenomenon | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | contradicts → existing random-network models Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | contradicts → the Erdos-Renyi random graph model and the Watts-Strogatz small-world model (refs 7 and 10) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: the functional form of P(k): THE PROBABILITY OF FINDING A HIGHLY CONNECTED VERTEX (THAT IS, A LARGE k) DECREASES EXPONENTIALLY WITH k in the ER and WS models, against the power-law tail measured here | claim_relations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | builds-on → Redner (11), on the power-law distribution of citation counts Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[2] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | contradicts → the Erdős-Rényi random graph model (7) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: the functional form of P(k) - exponential decay in ER, so VERTICES WITH LARGE CONNECTIVITY ARE PRACTICALLY ABSENT, against a power law in which they dominate | claim_relations[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | builds-on → Redner's measurement of citation counts (11) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | contradicts → the Watts-Strogatz small world model (10) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: exponential against power law: IN CONTRAST, THE POWER-LAW TAIL CHARACTERIZING P(k) FOR THE STUDIED NETWORKS INDICATES THAT HIGHLY CONNECTED (LARGE k) VERTICES HAVE A LARGE CHANCE OF OCCURRING, DOMINATING THE CONNECTIVITY | claim_relations[5] | 0.8 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | genetic network —is-a→ network Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: genetic network · network | concept_edges[0] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | world wide web —is-a→ network Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: world wide web · network | concept_edges[1] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | small world —same-as→ six degrees of separation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: small world · six degrees of separation | concept_edges[2] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | preferential attachment —causes→ scale-free Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: preferential attachment · scale-free | concept_edges[3] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | scale-free —operationalised-as→ power-law Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: scale-free · power-law | concept_edges[5] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | vertex —part-of→ network Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 | concept_edges[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | γ_www = 2.1 ± 0.1 — power-law exponent of the World Wide Web link distribution Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | γ_model = 2.9 ± 0.1 — power-law exponent produced by the preferential-attachment model Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | γ_cite = 3 — power-law exponent of the scientific citation network Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | γ_power ≃ 4 — approximate power-law exponent of the power-grid network Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | γactor = 2.3 ± 0.1 — power-law exponent of the film-actor collaboration graph Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | γwww = 2.1 ± 0.1 — power-law exponent of the world wide web Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | over 800 million vertices — size of the world wide web as the paper takes it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[6] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 4941 vertices — size of the western US power grid Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[7] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | γmodel = 2.9±0.1 — exponent produced by the simulated model Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[8] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | The probability P(k) that a vertex interacts with k other vertices decays as a power law, P(k) ~ k^-γ. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Scale-free structure emerges from two generic mechanisms: continuous growth by adding vertices, and preferential attachment to already well-connected sites. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | These systems share a scale-free distribution of local connectivity, following a power law for large k with an exponent γ between 2.1 and 4. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Both ingredients, growth and preferential attachment, are needed for the stationary power-law distribution to develop. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | The model's connectivity distribution P(k) is independent of time, and so of system size. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Solved analytically, the model gives an exponent of 3 that does not depend on how many edges each new vertex brings. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | growth Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: growth | content_tags.variables[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | preferential attachment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: preferential attachment | content_tags.variables[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | scale-free power-law distribution Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: scale-free power-law distribution | content_tags.definitions[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | preferential attachment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: preferential attachment | content_tags.definitions[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | network Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: network | content_tags.definitions[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | preferential attachment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: preferential attachment | content_tags.definitions[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | random graph model Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: random graph model | content_tags.definitions[4] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | small-world model Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: small-world model | content_tags.definitions[5] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | power-law Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: power-law | content_tags.statistics[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | poisson-distribution Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: poisson-distribution | content_tags.statistics[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | probability-density Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: probability-density | content_tags.statistics[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | exponential-distribution Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: exponential-distribution | content_tags.statistics[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.