Cognitive Neuroscience Tools in Economic Experiments Investigating the Decision Making Process

Cognitive Neuroscience Tools in Economic Experiments Investigating the Decision Making Process Anna Borawska

Tag layer of the DHSS Meta-Tagging Project. The article text is reproduced from the staged copy named in sourceDesc and is not altered; the tags are held separately in standOff so that overlapping and nested spans are preserved.

Cognitive Neuroscience Tools in Economic Experiments Investigating the Decision Making Process 2017 Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 10.1515/foli-2017-0013 borawska2017-cognitive-neuroscience-tools-in-ec borawska2017-cognitive-neuroscience-tools-in-ec.txt, the project's staged copy 2b2b95c6887bc20bddc3e451f379c146a7b7189c open-access neuroeconomics

the paper's own words

the tag layer; a sentence written by the tagger about the paper, always anchored to a quotation but not itself a quotation

0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them method Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. decision making process in economic experiments Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. review review Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms measuring neurophysiological activity bypasses the self-report distortions (demand characteristics, participants' limited insight) that mask the true mechanisms of choice Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The review deliberately covers only recent contributions, restricting the literature searched to the previous ten years. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Only three of the decision-process phases are considered; the implementation phase is excluded as not a mental task. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The equipment's recording requirements confine the research mostly to individual humans. what this limits: the topic distribution of neuroeconomic experiments as reflecting what matters most: the paper attributes the restriction to individual humans to the recording method and the equipment needed, and lists the resulting dominant trends immediately after Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. brain and body measurement techniques (fMRI, EEG, fNIRS, galvanic skin response, heart rate, eye-tracking) are taken over into the design of economic experiments on decision making Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. decision making process decision making process Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Intelligence Intelligence Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Identification Identification Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Cognitive neuroscience Cognitive neuroscience Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. techniques of cognitive neuroscience techniques of cognitive neuroscience Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Neuroimaging Neuroimaging Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. EEG EEG Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. fMRI fMRI Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. functional near-infrared spectroscopy functional near-infrared spectroscopy Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Neurophysiological techniques Neurophysiological techniques Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. GSR measurement GSR measurement Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Eye-tracking Eye-tracking Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. decision process decision process Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Design Design Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Development Development Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Choice Choice Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Selection Selection Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. decision-making phases - Simon's naming: Intelligence, Design and Choice Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. decision-making phases - the same three stages under a different naming convention: Identification, Development and Selection Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Cognitive neuroscience - multidisciplinary study of mind combining psychology and neurobiology with philosophy, linguistics, and other fields Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Cognitive-neuroscience techniques - brain neuroimaging, neurophysiology, nerve-cell examination, and neuropsychology Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Neuroimaging - methods for studying brain structure and function through electrical, magnetic, or indirect tomographic measures Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. EEG - scalp-electrode measurement of brain electrical activity with high temporal resolution Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. fMRI - inference of regional brain activity from oxygen delivery Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. fNIRS - non-invasive optical estimation of cortical activity Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Neurophysiological techniques - correlating brain functions with physiological sensations Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. GSR measurement - detecting electrical skin changes, usually on the hand or fingers Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Eye-tracking - detecting eye position, gaze direction, movement sequence, and visual adaptation during cognition Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Decision process - the path from awareness of a decision problem to a final solution among alternatives Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Intelligence / Identification - gathering and processing information to diagnose decision needs and formulate alternatives Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Design / Development - identifying courses of action and testing likely outcomes against decision needs or goals Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Choice / Selection - judging and choosing among alternatives identified earlier Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → Simon's (1960, 1977) three-phase model of the decision-making process Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Intelligence —renamed-across-fields→ Identification Intelligence Identification strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Because of how the data are recorded and the equipment needed, this research is limited mostly to questions about individual human beings. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. EEG's very good temporal resolution makes it the tool of choice for tracking how brain activity changes over time and for analysing reactions to external stimuli. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. fMRI shows how much oxygen is delivered to specific parts of the brain, from which their activity is deduced. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. fMRI buys very good spatial resolution at the price of an examination procedure that is cumbersome for the participant. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Neurophysiological measurement can be more faithful to what participants actually do than self-report measures are. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Substantial brain information processes that determine economic decisions are not easily observed through behavioural research methods. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. These studies confirm that brain activity causally affects economic choice beyond environmental factors. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Neuroscience techniques may reveal fundamental principles of decision making not considered relevant in traditional economic research. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Every later model of the decision process still contains Simon's three phases of intelligence, design and choice, differing only in naming and in how finely the phases are split. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Behavioural evidence shows some deviations from expected utility theory, but only cognitive neuroscience could offer explanations of why people are less rational than assumed. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The decision-making and cognitive neuroscience literatures have focused especially on the final phase, evaluation and choice, the most intensively studied to date. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The cost of the specialised equipment, fMRI above all, is one of the practical obstacles to using neuroscience in economic experiments. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A single cognitive neuroscience experiment yields an enormous amount of neurophysiological data, which forces the use of very sophisticated analysis methods. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. decision-making process decision-making process Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. neuroimaging neuroimaging Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. electroencephalography (EEG) electroencephalography (EEG) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. fNIRS fNIRS Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. neurophysiological techniques neurophysiological techniques Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. GSR measurement GSR measurement Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. eye-tracking (ET) eye-tracking (ET) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. 650–1000 nm — the infrared wavelength window whose low absorption by biological tissue fNIRS exploits to estimate cortical activity Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1515/foli-2017-0013.