The Role of Frequency in Developing Perceptual Sets B. R. Bugelski D. A. Alampay

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 The Role of Frequency in Developing Perceptual Sets 1961 Canadian Journal of Psychology 10.1037/h0083443 bugelski-alampay1961-perceptual-set bugelski-alampay1961-perceptual-set.txt, the project's staged copy 167da9ec4b3afbcfe37e7915b8049b63fee413e1 personal-copy cognitive-psychology

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 0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. behavioural-experiment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A PAPER DISOWNS THE TERM IN ITS OWN TITLE, AND SAYS WHICH TERM IT SHOULD HAVE BEEN: it appears appropriate to indicate that our findings MIGHT HAVE MORE BEARING ON WHAT MIGHT BE TERMED “cognitive” SETS RATHER THAN ON PERCEPTUAL SETS. The article is titled “The Role of Frequency in Developing Perceptual Sets”, and the correction is made in the paper's own voice rather than left to a reader about this quote: THIS SPAN CARRIES THE FILE'S OCR DAMAGE, quoted verbatim because a quote is the staged file's bytes. The scan substitutes 'th' with 'di'/'ti' throughout - 'die' for “the”, 'diat'/'tibat' for “that”, 'tiian' for “than”, 'widi' for “with” - so the paper's own sentence reads correctly and this transcription does not. The damage is systematic and was read rather than detected; there is no general detector for it, because 'die' is also an English word. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AND THE DISOWNED WORD IS THEN RESERVED FOR A NARROWER CLASS, WITH AN EXAMPLE A READER CAN PICTURE: the term “perceptual” set MIGHT BETTER BE RESERVED FOR reference to those instances where a subject IS LOOKING FOR OR EXPECTING TO SEE A SPECIFIC STIMULUS, a friend's face in a crowd, for example. Having said the word does not fit their study, they say what it does fit - which is the harder half and the one usually skipped Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE AMBIGUOUS STIMULUS IS DEFINED BY THE TWO CATEGORIES IT CAN FALL INTO, AND THE CATEGORIES ARE NAMED: Quotation withheld The figure's ambiguity is not a property of the drawing but of which of two named classes a viewer assigns it to Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A GAP IN THE PRIOR LITERATURE IS STATED AS A MISSING QUANTITY RATHER THAN A WRONG RESULT: Quotation withheld. The predecessor is credited with the effect and the paper claims the function relating it to dose Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE INFERENCE FROM THE MEASUREMENT TO THE CONSTRUCT IS STATED AS A PRESUMPTION, IN THAT WORD: Quotation withheld. What the experiment observes is resistance to a second induction; what it reports is strength of set, and the bridge between them is named a presumption by the authors Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AND THE STRENGTH OF THE SET IS OPERATIONALISED BY BORROWING AN ASSUMPTION FROM A NAMED AUTHORITY: ASSUMING, WITH ALLPORT, that having different numbers of such experiences would result in different strengths of set, it was ALSO DECIDED TO TEST FOR SUCH STRENGTH BY ATTEMPTING TO INDUCE THE ALTERNATE SET. The premise is attributed rather than argued, and the test for the quantity is chosen after the premise is granted about this quote: THIS SPAN CARRIES THE FILE'S OCR DAMAGE, quoted verbatim because a quote is the staged file's bytes. The scan substitutes 'th' with 'di'/'ti' throughout - 'die' for “the”, 'diat'/'tibat' for “that”, 'tiian' for “than”, 'widi' for “with” - so the paper's own sentence reads correctly and this transcription does not. The damage is systematic and was read rather than detected; there is no general detector for it, because 'die' is also an English word. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE SCOPE OF THE WORD `PERCEPTION` IS LIMITED IN THE SAME BREATH AS THE METHOD IS DESCRIBED: although our experiment makes use of an ambiguous figure, IT SHOULD BE CLEAR THAT WE ARE NOT SUGGESTING THAT THE STUDY IS DIRECTLY CONCERNED WITH PERCEPTION EXCEPT IN THE LIMITED SENSE OF PERCEPTION OF DIAGRAMMATIC PICTURES. A disclaimer about what the central word covers, placed before the results rather than in a limitations section about this quote: THIS SPAN CARRIES THE FILE'S OCR DAMAGE, quoted verbatim because a quote is the staged file's bytes. The scan substitutes 'th' with 'di'/'ti' throughout - 'die' for “the”, 'diat'/'tibat' for “that”, 'tiian' for “than”, 'widi' for “with” - so the paper's own sentence reads correctly and this transcription does not. The damage is systematic and was read rather than detected; there is no general detector for it, because 'die' is also an English word. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. eliminates: presentation rate as the explanation of the perceptual-set effect - a whole extra group, added to kill one named alternative · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. past experience Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. set Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. frequency of experience Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. strength of set Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. perceptual sets Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. one-trial learning Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. label Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cognitive categories Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. classes or objects Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. animals and humans Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. differs in: THE DISAGREEMENT IS SCOPED TO ONE KIND OF SET, BY THE AUTHORS. 'the present results offer ONLY LITTLE SUPPORT for the frequency proposition that Allport postulates, at least with respect to such cognitive SETS.' 'At least with respect to' is the authors bounding their own contradiction - it holds for cognitive sets and they decline to extend it. (Quote clipped before the paper's own quotation marks around 'cognitive', which are typographically irregular in the staged text - slice, do not retype.) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. differs in: PERCEPTUAL SET AGAINST COGNITIVE SET. 'EVEN WHEN the subjects are shown a series of letters or numbers with one of these distorted ... as was done by Bruner and Minturn (1955), Quotation withheld; they were cognitively set to...' The disagreement with Bruner and Minturn turns on which kind of set the result demonstrates, not on the result. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. past experience set strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: The paper's opening premise, and the half of it that its data confirm strongly: elsewhere the paper reports that 75% of subjects follow a single prior picture. Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says set is used to show how perception follows past experience; causes is loose. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. frequency of experience strength of set direction on the measure: no-change · strength of the relation: 0.15 — the record marks this weak · note: THE MEASURED ABSENCE OF THE RELATION THE EXPERIMENT WAS BUILT TO FIND, kept as an edge at weight 0.15 rather than omitted: an omitted edge records that the question was never asked. Pairs with 'past experience -> set' at 0.9 - same paper, same procedure, prior exposure decides the response and MORE of it does not strengthen the set. That contrast is the paper's contribution and it is why claim type is 'null-result'. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. one-trial learning perceptual sets strength of the relation: 0.8 · note: Offered by the authors as a suggestion - “perhaps in a one-trial learning operation” - and weighted for that hedge rather than against it. Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the sets are imposed 'perhaps in a one-trial learning operation'; hedged. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. label set strength of the relation: 0.7 · note: The authors' alternative to the frequency account: later responders were not slowly acquiring a set, they had not yet labelled the series as a class. THIS SPAN CARRIES THE FILE'S OCR DAMAGE, quoted verbatim because a quote is the staged file's bytes. The scan substitutes 'th' with 'di'/'ti' throughout - 'die' for “the”, 'diat' for “that”, 'dien' for “then”, 'tiian' for “than” - so the paper's sentence reads correctly and this transcription does not. Read rather than detected: there is no general detector, because 'die' is also an English word. Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span is speculative about when a label is applied; causes is loose. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. cognitive categories classes or objects strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: A terminological equation the paper makes inline - “either of two cognitive categories or classes or objects” - rather than a relation between two constructs. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. animals and humans cognitive categories strength of the relation: 0.95 · note: Same span as the equation above, declared: the sentence both names the category pair and identifies its two members, which is what makes the figure's ambiguity checkable. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. statistical-significance Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1037/h0083443.