standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| contribution | contribution | what the paper claims to add |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| object of study | object_of_study | what the paper is about — the thing it investigates |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| research question | research_question | the question the paper sets itself |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 8 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
This record holds no relations between claims. A layer is empty when the tagger recorded nothing in it — which is not the same as the paper having nothing to record.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| object_of_study | five categories of plant biostimulant - microbial inoculants, humic acids, fulvic acids, protein hydrolysates and amino acids, seaweed extracts Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | object_of_study | the paper's words | |
| research_question | what the refereed literature actually supports for each category of biostimulant, given definitions supplied by industry consortia Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | research_question | the paper's words | |
| contribution | a critical review organised by the two consortium definitions, reporting a common response profile across chemically unrelated inputs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | contribution | the paper's words | |
| claim_type | critique Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | enhancement of plant growth by substances and microorganisms that are neither fertilisers nor pesticides Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | review Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: review | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[2] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | four named routes by which an inoculant promotes growth: asymbiotic nitrogen fixation, nutrient solubilisation, iron sequestration by siderophores, and volatile organic compounds Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | organic acids free bound phosphate two ways at once - their hydroxyl and carboxyl groups chelate the cations holding it, and they lower the surrounding soil pH Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | which organic acid a microbe releases depends on the species, so the solubilising mechanism is strain-specific rather than generic Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | phosphorus fertiliser can be present and still unavailable because it binds to soil particles - the problem is chemical form, not quantity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: PAGE FURNITURE IS SPLICED INTO THE 'evidence' QUOTE - a page number and the journal's running head: '6 Plant Soil (2014) 383:3–41'. The words on either side of it were never continuous on the page; read the quote with it deleted. | mechanisms[6] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The definition of the review's own object is stated to be UNSETTLED - still evolving, and partly because the inputs it covers have little in common Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The field's evidence base is described by the paper itself as widely considered to lack peer-reviewed scientific evaluation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: the quote carries a spurious space inside a word (taxonomy shape 8): the paper's “community” is staged as “comm unity”. Verbatim against the staged text; the sentence cannot be re-sliced around it because the damage is mid-clause. Confidence 0.85 under an earlier note of ours. | limitations[1] | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The review's scope is INHERITED from two industry consortia rather than set by the authors - what counts as a biostimulant here is what EBIC and the biostimulant coalition say it is Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The combination of categories, which the paper names as the obvious next step, is offered as theoretical - no combined trial is reviewed Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | nitrogen fixation does NOT account for all the growth promotion attributed to Azospirillum - stated plainly against the mechanism the genus is famous for Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the plant species or cultivar can itself decide whether a biofertilizer produces any benefit Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | effects must be tested for reproducibility across a range of soil types and environmental conditions before an inoculant can be relied on Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[6] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the organism has to survive the commercial formulation and stay compatible with the fertilisers and crop protection chemicals already in use Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[7] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| controls | stressed plants grown with and without humic acid, with abscisic acid measured in both Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the stress response itself as the explanation - ABA is similar in both, so what humic acid changes is not the plant's stress signalling · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held | controls[0] | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | plant biostimulants Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: plant biostimulants | concepts[0] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | EBIC Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: EBIC | concepts[1] | 0.85 | the paper's words |
| concepts | biostimulant coalition Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: biostimulant coalition | concepts[2] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | biological control Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: biological control | concepts[3] | 0.85 | the paper's words |
| concepts | fertilisers Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: fertilisers | concepts[4] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | plant nutrients Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: plant nutrients | concepts[5] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | microbial inoculants Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: microbial inoculants | concepts[6] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | humic acids Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: humic acids | concepts[7] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | fulvic acids Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: fulvic acids | concepts[8] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | protein hydrolysates Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: protein hydrolysates | concepts[9] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | seaweed extracts Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: seaweed extracts | concepts[10] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | abiotic stress Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: abiotic stress | concepts[11] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | nutrient efficiency Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: nutrient efficiency | concepts[12] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | crop quality Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: crop quality | concepts[13] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | rhizosphere Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: rhizosphere | concepts[14] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | nutrient uptake Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: nutrient uptake | concepts[15] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | stress tolerance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: stress tolerance | concepts[16] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | root growth Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: root growth | concepts[17] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | microbial inoculants Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: microbial inoculants | concepts[18] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | siderophores Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: siderophores | concepts[19] | 0.9 | the paper's words |
| concepts | root exudates Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: root exudates | concepts[20] | 0.9 | the paper's words |
| concepts | phytase Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: phytase | concepts[21] | 0.9 | the paper's words |
| senses | plant biostimulant - THE EUROPEAN (EBIC) SENSE: defined by FUNCTION and fenced off from pesticides by regulation - substances or microorganisms that stimulate natural processes, with no direct action against pests Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | plant biostimulant - THE NORTH AMERICAN (coalition) SENSE: defined by what it is APPLIED TO and fenced off from fertilisers by claim - may enhance nutrient assimilation, but is not a plant nutrient and may make no nutrient claim. TWO INDUSTRY CONSORTIA, ONE TERM, AND THE BOUNDARY IS DRAWN AGAINST A DIFFERENT NEIGHBOUR ON EACH SIDE OF THE ATLANTIC Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | plant biostimulant - the paper's own position: A CONCEPT STILL EVOLVING, and the review is written from the two consortium definitions rather than from one of its own Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | biostimulant - THIS REVIEW'S SCOPE DECISION: a biofertilizer counts as a biostimulant, a boundary other definitions of the same term explicitly deny Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | biofertilizer - a LIVING product, defined by the mechanisms through which it promotes growth rather than by what it contains Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | plant biostimulants —distinct-from→ biological control Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.9 also in: plant biostimulants · biological control | concept_edges[0] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | plant biostimulants —distinct-from→ fertilisers Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'biostimulants', not 'plant biostimulants'. also in: plant biostimulants · fertilisers | concept_edges[1] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | plant biostimulants —distinct-from→ plant nutrients Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'biostimulants', not 'plant biostimulants'. also in: plant biostimulants · plant nutrients | concept_edges[2] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | microbial inoculants —part-of→ plant biostimulants Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: microbial inoculants · plant biostimulants | concept_edges[3] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | humic acids —part-of→ plant biostimulants Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: humic acids · plant biostimulants | concept_edges[4] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | fulvic acids —part-of→ plant biostimulants Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: fulvic acids · plant biostimulants | concept_edges[5] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | protein hydrolysates —part-of→ plant biostimulants Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: protein hydrolysates · plant biostimulants | concept_edges[6] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | seaweed extracts —part-of→ plant biostimulants Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: seaweed extracts · plant biostimulants | concept_edges[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Azospirillum contributed 7-12% of wheat's total nitrogen. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | A three-strain Bacillus PGPR mixture promoted tomato growth and increased uptake of 15N-depleted fertilizer. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Phytates make up to 60% of soil organic phosphorus. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | biofertilizer defined by its mechanisms - increasing nutrient supply, root biomass or area, and uptake capacity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: biofertilizers | content_tags.definitions[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the share of total plant nitrogen attributable to Azospirillum fixation in wheat against sugarcane Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | organic phosphorus as a share of soil phosphorus Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.