Agricultural uses of plant biostimulants

Agricultural uses of plant biostimulants Pamela Calvo Louise M. Nelson Joseph W. Kloepper

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Agricultural uses of plant biostimulants 2014 Plant and Soil 10.1007/s11104-014-2131-8 calvo2014-agricultural-uses-of-plant-biostim calvo2014-agricultural-uses-of-plant-biostim.txt, the project's staged copy e519ee0766fa7932cddab21fd047743565c0e1c4 cc-by plant-science

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them five categories of plant biostimulant - microbial inoculants, humic acids, fulvic acids, protein hydrolysates and amino acids, seaweed extracts Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. what the refereed literature actually supports for each category of biostimulant, given definitions supplied by industry consortia Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. a critical review organised by the two consortium definitions, reporting a common response profile across chemically unrelated inputs Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. critique Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. enhancement of plant growth by substances and microorganisms that are neither fertilisers nor pesticides Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. review review Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms THE EUROPEAN BOUNDARY IS REGULATORY, NOT BIOLOGICAL: the definition excludes direct action against pests, which is what keeps biostimulants outside the pesticide framework rather than any claim about how they work Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms THE NORTH AMERICAN BOUNDARY IS A CLAIM RESTRICTION: a biostimulant may enhance the plant's ability to assimilate nutrients but may make no nutrient claim, so the line is drawn at what may be asserted on the label Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mechanisms A COMMON RESPONSE PROFILE ACROSS UNRELATED INPUTS: five categories with nothing chemical in common are reported to produce the same three effects - increased root growth, enhanced nutrient uptake, stress tolerance Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. four named routes by which an inoculant promotes growth: asymbiotic nitrogen fixation, nutrient solubilisation, iron sequestration by siderophores, and volatile organic compounds Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. organic acids free bound phosphate two ways at once - their hydroxyl and carboxyl groups chelate the cations holding it, and they lower the surrounding soil pH Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. which organic acid a microbe releases depends on the species, so the solubilising mechanism is strain-specific rather than generic Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. phosphorus fertiliser can be present and still unavailable because it binds to soil particles - the problem is chemical form, not quantity about this quote: PAGE FURNITURE IS SPLICED INTO THE 'evidence' QUOTE - a page number and the journal's running head: '6 Plant Soil (2014) 383:3–41'. The words on either side of it were never continuous on the page; read the quote with it deleted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The definition of the review's own object is stated to be UNSETTLED - still evolving, and partly because the inputs it covers have little in common Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The field's evidence base is described by the paper itself as widely considered to lack peer-reviewed scientific evaluation about this quote: the quote carries a spurious space inside a word (taxonomy shape 8): the paper's “community” is staged as “comm unity”. Verbatim against the staged text; the sentence cannot be re-sliced around it because the damage is mid-clause. Confidence 0.85 under an earlier note of ours. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The review's scope is INHERITED from two industry consortia rather than set by the authors - what counts as a biostimulant here is what EBIC and the biostimulant coalition say it is Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The combination of categories, which the paper names as the obvious next step, is offered as theoretical - no combined trial is reviewed Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. nitrogen fixation does NOT account for all the growth promotion attributed to Azospirillum - stated plainly against the mechanism the genus is famous for Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the plant species or cultivar can itself decide whether a biofertilizer produces any benefit Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. effects must be tested for reproducibility across a range of soil types and environmental conditions before an inoculant can be relied on Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the organism has to survive the commercial formulation and stay compatible with the fertilisers and crop protection chemicals already in use Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. stressed plants grown with and without humic acid, with abscisic acid measured in both eliminates: the stress response itself as the explanation - ABA is similar in both, so what humic acid changes is not the plant's stress signalling · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. plant biostimulants plant biostimulants Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. EBIC EBIC Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. biostimulant coalition biostimulant coalition Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. biological control biological control Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. fertilisers fertilisers Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. plant nutrients plant nutrients Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. microbial inoculants microbial inoculants Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. humic acids humic acids Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. fulvic acids fulvic acids Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. protein hydrolysates protein hydrolysates Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. seaweed extracts seaweed extracts Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. abiotic stress abiotic stress Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. nutrient efficiency nutrient efficiency Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. crop quality crop quality Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. rhizosphere rhizosphere Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. nutrient uptake nutrient uptake Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. stress tolerance stress tolerance Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. root growth root growth Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. microbial inoculants microbial inoculants Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. siderophores siderophores Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. root exudates root exudates Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. phytase phytase Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. plant biostimulant - THE EUROPEAN (EBIC) SENSE: defined by FUNCTION and fenced off from pesticides by regulation - substances or microorganisms that stimulate natural processes, with no direct action against pests Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. plant biostimulant - THE NORTH AMERICAN (coalition) SENSE: defined by what it is APPLIED TO and fenced off from fertilisers by claim - may enhance nutrient assimilation, but is not a plant nutrient and may make no nutrient claim. TWO INDUSTRY CONSORTIA, ONE TERM, AND THE BOUNDARY IS DRAWN AGAINST A DIFFERENT NEIGHBOUR ON EACH SIDE OF THE ATLANTIC Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. plant biostimulant - the paper's own position: A CONCEPT STILL EVOLVING, and the review is written from the two consortium definitions rather than from one of its own Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. biostimulant - THIS REVIEW'S SCOPE DECISION: a biofertilizer counts as a biostimulant, a boundary other definitions of the same term explicitly deny Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. biofertilizer - a LIVING product, defined by the mechanisms through which it promotes growth rather than by what it contains Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. plant biostimulants —distinct-from→ biological control plant biostimulants biological control strength of the relation: 0.9 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. plant biostimulants —distinct-from→ fertilisers plant biostimulants fertilisers strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'biostimulants', not 'plant biostimulants'. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. plant biostimulants —distinct-from→ plant nutrients plant biostimulants plant nutrients strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'biostimulants', not 'plant biostimulants'. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. microbial inoculants —part-of→ plant biostimulants microbial inoculants plant biostimulants strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. humic acids —part-of→ plant biostimulants humic acids plant biostimulants strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. fulvic acids —part-of→ plant biostimulants fulvic acids plant biostimulants strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. protein hydrolysates —part-of→ plant biostimulants protein hydrolysates plant biostimulants strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. seaweed extracts —part-of→ plant biostimulants seaweed extracts plant biostimulants strength of the relation: 1 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Azospirillum contributed 7-12% of wheat's total nitrogen. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A three-strain Bacillus PGPR mixture promoted tomato growth and increased uptake of 15N-depleted fertilizer. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Phytates make up to 60% of soil organic phosphorus. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. biofertilizer defined by its mechanisms - increasing nutrient supply, root biomass or area, and uptake capacity biofertilizers Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the share of total plant nitrogen attributable to Azospirillum fixation in wheat against sugarcane Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. organic phosphorus as a share of soil phosphorus Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2131-8.