standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| contribution | contribution | what the paper claims to add |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| object of study | object_of_study | what the paper is about — the thing it investigates |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| research question | research_question | the question the paper sets itself |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 4 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| object_of_study | aqueous batteries - water-based electrochemical storage - and what stands between them and grid-scale deployment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | object_of_study | the paper's words | |
| research_question | what has to be solved, from material design to commercialisation, before aqueous batteries can replace organic-media ones Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | research_question | the paper's words | |
| contribution | a roadmap that starts at material design and ends at commercialisation, with the challenges of different aqueous systems related to one another Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | contribution | the paper's words | |
| claim_type | method Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | ion migration in aqueous electrolyte, safe and cheap, and short of the voltage and energy density the application needs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | review Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: review | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | the ionic radius sets which compounds can host the ion: Na+ (0.95 A) and K+ (1.33 A) are much larger than Li+ (0.60 A), which NARROWS THE SELECTION CRITERION to a few compounds capable of de/intercalation in aqueous media Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | the HYDRATED radius runs the other way - solvated K+ is smaller, so the electrolyte conducts better and the rate capability is higher for K+ than for Li+ or Na+ Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | THE LABORATORY-TO-INDUSTRY GAP IS STATED WITH A NUMBER: materials that would need high gravimetric capacity, high rate capability and long life AT HIGH MASS LOADING simultaneously remain difficult to achieve, against an industrial-level areal capacity of about 35 mAh/cm2 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | large-scale application is plagued by limited output voltage and inadequate energy density - the two properties the safety argument is traded against Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | an explosive growth of publications in five years, with limitations that STILL should be overcome - the paper's own framing of its field's output Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | energy density, power density and long-standing stability all have to be pushed further before the requirements of practical applications are met Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | the proposed systems are compared against the incumbents that actually hold the market - LIBs, Ni/MH and lead-acid - rather than against each other Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: a new chemistry looking good against other new chemistries while losing to the battery already in the product · outcome: held | controls[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | laboratory areal capacity is stated against the INDUSTRIAL-LEVEL figure rather than against other laboratory results Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: a record capacity that is a record only among research cells · outcome: failed | controls[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | Aqueous batteries Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Aqueous batteries | concepts[0] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | metal-ion ABs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: metal-ion ABs | concepts[1] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | areal capacity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: areal capacity | concepts[2] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | mass loading Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mass loading | concepts[3] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | WISE Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: WISE | concepts[4] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | salt-in-water electrolyte Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: salt-in-water electrolyte | concepts[5] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | Grotthuss proton conduction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Grotthuss proton conduction | concepts[6] | 0.9 | the paper's words |
| concepts | conduction of metal ions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: conduction of metal ions | concepts[7] | 0.9 | the paper's words |
| concepts | electrochemical stability window Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: electrochemical stability window | concepts[8] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | proton batteries Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: proton batteries | concepts[9] | 0.9 | the paper's words |
| concepts | operating voltage Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: operating voltage | concepts[10] | 0.9 | the paper's words |
| senses | aqueous battery - AS USED HERE: a battery whose electrolyte is water, classified by WHICH ION MIGRATES rather than by anything about its chemistry in the abstract. The defining property is the one the measurement observes, which is why this paper hedges its taxonomy nowhere Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | `WISE` / `salt-in-water electrolyte` - A NAME PAIR BUILT BY INVERSION, AND THE OLDER MEMBER IS THE ONE THAT HAD TO BE COINED. `The salt-in-water electrolyte refers to traditional aqueous electrolyte.` The dilute case needed no name until the concentrated case existed; the paper defines it purely by pointing back at the thing it already was. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | critiques → organic-media lithium-ion batteries, on safety grounds, with dated incidents - Boeing 787 in 2013, Samsung Note 7 in 2016, Tesla Model S in 2019 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | critiques → lithium-based grid storage, on the scarcity of Li at 20 parts per million and its rising cost Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | WISE —contrasted-with→ salt-in-water electrolyte Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: The contrast is the whole content of the name: the two differ only in which component is in excess. also in: WISE · salt-in-water electrolyte | concept_edges[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | Grotthuss proton conduction —distinct-from→ conduction of metal ions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 · note: Stated flatly - 'highly varying from' - not hedged, so weight 1.0. | concept_edges[1] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | Grotthuss proton conduction —causes→ proton batteries Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.7 · note: 'It is suggested that' - the paper hedges the attribution, so weight 0.7 records the paper's own caution, not mine.
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but it 'is suggested' that Grotthuss topochemistry is key to the rate performance OF proton batteries; hedged, and the endpoint is loose. also in: Grotthuss proton conduction · proton batteries | concept_edges[2] | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | electrochemical stability window —causes→ operating voltage Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: 'would suppress' - asserted, but modally, hence 0.9 rather than 1.0. | concept_edges[3] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | aqueous batteries are classified into two types by the migrating ion: metal-ion and non-metal-ion Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the smaller hydrated radius of solvated K+ gives higher ionic conductivity and rate capability than for Li+ and Na+ Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | laboratory areal capacity is far below the industrial-level ~35 mAh/cm2, and no material yet combines high gravimetric capacity, high rate capability and long life at high mass loading Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | lead-acid aqueous batteries still hold a major share of the global battery market Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | batteries based on water as the electrolyte - environmentally benign, safe, cost-effective and scalable, with high power density and tolerance against mishandling Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Aqueous batteries | content_tags.definitions[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the two types ABs are classified into, by the nature of the migrating ion Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: metal-ion ABs | content_tags.definitions[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the two types ABs are classified into, by the nature of the migrating ion Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: non-metal-ion ABs | content_tags.definitions[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | mAh/cm2 - the industrial-level areal capacity laboratory results fall far below Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | parts per million - the crustal abundance of lithium, given as the reason it cannot carry grid storage Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | angstroms - the bare ionic radii of Li+, Na+ and K+, which set which compounds can host them Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | capacity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: capacity | content_tags.statistics[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | mass loading Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mass loading | content_tags.variables[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | migration ions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: migration ions | content_tags.variables[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.