Roadmap for advanced aqueous batteries: From design of materials to applications

Roadmap for advanced aqueous batteries: From design of materials to applications Dongliang Chao Wanhai Zhou Fangxi Xie Chao Ye Huan Li Mietek Jaroniec Shi‐Zhang Qiao

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Roadmap for advanced aqueous batteries: From design of materials to applications 2020 Science Advances 10.1126/sciadv.aba4098 chao2020-roadmap-for-advanced-aqueous-batte chao2020-roadmap-for-advanced-aqueous-batte.txt, the project's staged copy d1a8ae1e7b2eb8a16a5c54c86fac5ad02b7f1ad4 cc-by-nc engineering

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them aqueous batteries - water-based electrochemical storage - and what stands between them and grid-scale deployment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. what has to be solved, from material design to commercialisation, before aqueous batteries can replace organic-media ones Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. a roadmap that starts at material design and ends at commercialisation, with the challenges of different aqueous systems related to one another Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. method Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ion migration in aqueous electrolyte, safe and cheap, and short of the voltage and energy density the application needs Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. review review Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the ionic radius sets which compounds can host the ion: Na+ (0.95 A) and K+ (1.33 A) are much larger than Li+ (0.60 A), which NARROWS THE SELECTION CRITERION to a few compounds capable of de/intercalation in aqueous media Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the HYDRATED radius runs the other way - solvated K+ is smaller, so the electrolyte conducts better and the rate capability is higher for K+ than for Li+ or Na+ Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE LABORATORY-TO-INDUSTRY GAP IS STATED WITH A NUMBER: materials that would need high gravimetric capacity, high rate capability and long life AT HIGH MASS LOADING simultaneously remain difficult to achieve, against an industrial-level areal capacity of about 35 mAh/cm2 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. large-scale application is plagued by limited output voltage and inadequate energy density - the two properties the safety argument is traded against Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. an explosive growth of publications in five years, with limitations that STILL should be overcome - the paper's own framing of its field's output Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. energy density, power density and long-standing stability all have to be pushed further before the requirements of practical applications are met Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the proposed systems are compared against the incumbents that actually hold the market - LIBs, Ni/MH and lead-acid - rather than against each other eliminates: a new chemistry looking good against other new chemistries while losing to the battery already in the product · outcome: held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. laboratory areal capacity is stated against the INDUSTRIAL-LEVEL figure rather than against other laboratory results eliminates: a record capacity that is a record only among research cells · outcome: failed Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Aqueous batteries Aqueous batteries Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. metal-ion ABs metal-ion ABs Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. areal capacity areal capacity Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mass loading mass loading Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. WISE WISE Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. salt-in-water electrolyte salt-in-water electrolyte Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Grotthuss proton conduction Grotthuss proton conduction Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. conduction of metal ions conduction of metal ions Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. electrochemical stability window electrochemical stability window Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. proton batteries proton batteries Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. operating voltage operating voltage Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. aqueous battery - AS USED HERE: a battery whose electrolyte is water, classified by WHICH ION MIGRATES rather than by anything about its chemistry in the abstract. The defining property is the one the measurement observes, which is why this paper hedges its taxonomy nowhere Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. `WISE` / `salt-in-water electrolyte` - A NAME PAIR BUILT BY INVERSION, AND THE OLDER MEMBER IS THE ONE THAT HAD TO BE COINED. `The salt-in-water electrolyte refers to traditional aqueous electrolyte.` The dilute case needed no name until the concentrated case existed; the paper defines it purely by pointing back at the thing it already was. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. critiques → organic-media lithium-ion batteries, on safety grounds, with dated incidents - Boeing 787 in 2013, Samsung Note 7 in 2016, Tesla Model S in 2019 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. critiques → lithium-based grid storage, on the scarcity of Li at 20 parts per million and its rising cost Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. WISE —contrasted-with→ salt-in-water electrolyte WISE salt-in-water electrolyte strength of the relation: 1 · note: The contrast is the whole content of the name: the two differ only in which component is in excess. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Grotthuss proton conduction —distinct-from→ conduction of metal ions Grotthuss proton conduction conduction of metal ions strength of the relation: 1 · note: Stated flatly - 'highly varying from' - not hedged, so weight 1.0. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Grotthuss proton conduction —causes→ proton batteries Grotthuss proton conduction proton batteries strength of the relation: 0.7 · note: 'It is suggested that' - the paper hedges the attribution, so weight 0.7 records the paper's own caution, not mine. Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but it 'is suggested' that Grotthuss topochemistry is key to the rate performance OF proton batteries; hedged, and the endpoint is loose. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. electrochemical stability window —causes→ operating voltage electrochemical stability window operating voltage strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: 'would suppress' - asserted, but modally, hence 0.9 rather than 1.0. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. aqueous batteries are classified into two types by the migrating ion: metal-ion and non-metal-ion aqueous batteries are classified into two types by the migrating ion: metal-ion and non-metal-ion Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the smaller hydrated radius of solvated K+ gives higher ionic conductivity and rate capability than for Li+ and Na+ the smaller hydrated radius of solvated K+ gives higher ionic conductivity and rate capability than for Li+ and Na+ Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. laboratory areal capacity is far below the industrial-level ~35 mAh/cm2, and no material yet combines high gravimetric capacity, high rate capability and long life at high mass loading laboratory areal capacity is far below the industrial-level ~35 mAh/cm2, and no material yet combines high gravimetric capacity, high rate capability and long life at high mass loading Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. lead-acid aqueous batteries still hold a major share of the global battery market lead-acid aqueous batteries still hold a major share of the global battery market Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. batteries based on water as the electrolyte - environmentally benign, safe, cost-effective and scalable, with high power density and tolerance against mishandling Aqueous batteries Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the two types ABs are classified into, by the nature of the migrating ion metal-ion ABs Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the two types ABs are classified into, by the nature of the migrating ion non-metal-ion ABs Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mAh/cm2 - the industrial-level areal capacity laboratory results fall far below 35 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. parts per million - the crustal abundance of lithium, given as the reason it cannot carry grid storage 20 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. angstroms - the bare ionic radii of Li+, Na+ and K+, which set which compounds can host them 0.60 / 0.95 / 1.33 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. capacity capacity Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. mass loading mass loading Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. migration ions migration ions Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

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