On the Automatic Activation of Attitudes

On the Automatic Activation of Attitudes Russell H. Fazio David M. Sanbonmatsu Martha C. Powell Frank R. Kardes

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On the Automatic Activation of Attitudes 1986 Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.229 fazio1986-attitudes fazio1986-attitudes.txt, the project's staged copy b727efb832a6903ce179363b643e641d3fc0b4a2 personal-copy social-psychology

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them existence Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. automatic activation of attitudes Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. behavioural-experiment behavioural-experiment Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. In Experiments 1 and 2 associative strength was measured rather than manipulated, so the two classes of attitude may differ in other ways. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The inhibition produced by weak negative primes in Experiment 1 did not replicate in the later experiments. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The control primes of Experiment 3 were not equivalent to the weak primes of the first two experiments. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Whether the priming procedure works as an unobtrusive attitude measure has not been tested. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. a block of practice trials used DIFFERENT words from those serving as primes eliminates: that the practice block primes the critical items before the experiment begins · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. subjects were required to RECITE the prime aloud eliminates: that a null or weak priming effect is a failure of ATTENTION - a subject who never processed the prime cannot be primed by it · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. automatic activation automatic activation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. attitude attitude Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. associative strength associative strength Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. nonattitude nonattitude Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AN ATTITUDE BECOMES A QUANTITY WITH A NAMED ZERO: `attitudes as evaluative associations with objects. Quotation withheld.` An attitude stops being something a person has or lacks and becomes a link with a magnitude. Everything else in the paper follows: if it is an association, its strength is measurable, manipulable, and predictive of whether it fires unbidden - and `nonattitude` gives the theory a prediction at the bottom of the scale as well as the top Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A FIFTH KIND OF BOUNDARY CONDITION - A PROPERTY OF THE STORED REPRESENTATION: `the likelihood of such automatic activation of an attitude appears to depend upon the strength of the association between the attitude object and the evaluation.` The corpus now holds five places a priming effect can be conditional: the OUTCOME SITUATION (ambiguity - four papers), the OBSERVER (prime visibility, Holcomb2005), the STIMULUS (contains a face, Huang2018), the RELATION between primes (conflict, buchner2003), and here the stored representation itself. Each needs a different remedy when a replication fails - change the task, screen the subjects, change the materials, redesign the trial structure, or select the items Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. THE MODERATOR IS BOTH MEASURED AND MANIPULATED, WHICH IS THE STRONGEST FORM THE CLAIM COULD TAKE: `Quotation withheld.` Experiments 1 and 2 identified pre-existing strong and weak associations; Experiment 3 created them. The measured version alone would be confounded with anything that makes an object memorable or familiar; the manipulation rules that out, and the agreement between the two is the argument Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. AND THE PAPER CLAIMS AFFECT WORKS LIKE MEANING, EXPLICITLY: `Quotation withheld.` A bridge between two literatures, stated by the paper itself - the semantic priming of meyer1971 and neely1977 and the affective priming this paper starts are claimed to be one mechanism running on different contents. `Just as activation can spread from one node in the network to another ... the present data indicate a spontaneous spreading of activation from the object to the affective association` Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → Fazio, Chen, McDonel & Sherman (1982), Fazio, Powell & Herr (1983) and Powell & Fazio (1984) on attitudes as object-evaluation associations Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → Neely's (1977) semantic priming investigation and its short- versus long-SOA pattern Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. builds-on → past research employing the repeated attitudinal expression manipulation (Powell & Fazio, 1984) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. associative strength —causes→ automatic activation associative strength automatic activation direction on the measure: increases · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: THE STRONGEST-EVIDENCED EDGE ON THIS RECORD, BECAUSE THE SPAN CARRIES BOTH OPERATIONS: 'MEASURED or MANIPULATED…'. A correlational moderator would be confounded with familiarity; the manipulation rules that out, and the quote says both were done. Weight 0.9 rather than 0.95 because 'evidence ... was far stronger' is a statement about evidence rather than about effect size. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. ANOVA ANOVA Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. p-value p-value about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. statistical-significance statistical-significance about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. variance variance Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.229.