The Rise of Graphene

A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov · Nature Materials / arXiv · 2007 · materials-science · 10.1038/nmat1849 · record geim2007-rise-graphene
tag layer · index · concepts · authors · עברית

Where this record's text came from. faceted 2026-08 by reading the locally held text (pdftext); every evidence string verified as an exact substring of that text before merging. Claim type is 'existence' because the review's organising claim is that a material long held not to exist (a free-standing 2D crystal) does exist and is of high crystal quality; the piece is nevertheless a review rather than a primary report, hence method=review. Only one claim_relation is recorded: the Landau/Peierls contradiction is the one place the paper names prior work and positions its own subject matter against it (section heading 'MATERIALS THAT SHOULD NOT EXIST'). Mermin is named only as extending Landau's argument, not as a relation to this paper, so it is not recorded. Replication status='replicated' rests on the paper's own statement that 'the follow-up experiments9,10 confirmed that its charge carriers were indeed massless Dirac fermions'; note the paper also reports partial non-replication of the isolation technique by other groups ('only graphite flakes 20 to 100 layers thick were found') and an unresolved quantitative disagreement over minimum conductivity ('the mystery of a missing pie'), whose surrounding sentence is too garbled by PDF extraction to quote as a limitation. 2026-08-15 and 2026-08-25 schema-0.3 passes: every quote verified as an exact substring of the staged text and anchored at merge time; concept terms verified present; every edge endpoint an existing node.

The quality of the text these quotes were cut from. corrupt-text-layer: the arXiv PDF extraction drops the letter c (lo alized, Dira, ex ept); not fixable by re-processing and no clean OA alternative found. Not enriched.

This record’s own method is review, and the tags below follow from that. A review’s findings, quantities and statistics are things stated IN this paper, and some of them report results obtained elsewhere. No tag on this page names a different author. Measured across every review in this corpus, 81% of a review’s tags carry no citation at all — most of them are the review speaking. The corpus does not adjudicate the rest: read an unmarked tag as a claim this paper makes, not necessarily one it made first.

How to read this page. The article itself is not reproduced here — this paper is not cleared for redistribution, so what follows is the tag layer alone. The evidence sentences are withheld with the article. The table at the foot lists every tag the record carries; each row names the facet it belongs to, and the whose words column says whether the tag records the paper's own wording or the tagger's sentence about the paper. Every tag links to each other paper in the corpus carrying it. The machine-readable edition of the same thing is the TEI file beside this one, where the tags live in standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.

Other fields define these differently the same word, defined another way in another discipline
graphene 2 fields

Tags on this paper

Every tag the record carries, each linking to every other paper in the corpus that carries it. A tag appears here whether or not its words occur in the article — the spans below are only the ones a sentence in this paper licenses. Of the 15 concept tags on this paper, 11 are grounded in a quoted sentence.

graphene Dirac fermion two-dimensional material quantum Hall effect pseudospin chirality massless Dirac fermions Fermi velocity zero-gap semiconductor zero-overlap semimetals real spin Berry’s phase Dirac equation Schrödinger equation massive Dirac fermions the analogy carries a conversion factor layer count decides which theory applies review

Legend

relation to other work	`claim_relations`	how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies
claim type	`claim_type`	the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null
concept edge	`concept_edges`	an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it
concept	`concepts`	an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it
limitation	`limitations`	what the paper says its evidence cannot support
mechanism	`mechanisms`	how the reported effect is said to come about
method	`method`	how the paper produced its evidence
phenomenon	`phenomenon`	the effect or regularity under study
sense	`senses`	a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it
transfer	`transfers`	a method or concept carried in from another field

The paper

The full text is not reproduced here. This article is not cleared for redistribution, so the page carries the tag layer only. Its evidence sentences are withheld; the grounding status remains with each tag, and the article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1849. The reading view exists for the papers whose licence permits it.

Every tag on this page

claim_relations 2 · claim_type 1 · concept_edges 4 · concepts 11 · limitations 6 · mechanisms 2 · method 1 · phenomenon 1 · senses 5 · transfers 1

Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 4 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.

This record holds no controls. A layer is empty when the tagger recorded nothing in it — which is not the same as the paper having nothing to record.

facet	tag	field	conf.	whose words
claim_type	existence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_type`		the paper's words
phenomenon	graphene (two-dimensional atomic crystals) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`phenomenon`		the paper's words
method	review Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: review	`method`		the paper's words
mechanisms	Because QED effects scale inversely with the speed of light, replacing c by the Fermi velocity enhances them in graphene by about 300. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: the analogy carries a conversion factor	`mechanisms[0]`	0.9	the tagger's words
mechanisms	The electronic structure evolves with layer number and reaches the 3D graphite limit at about ten layers, which makes the 2D/3D boundary operational rather than stipulated. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: layer count decides which theory applies	`mechanisms[1]`	0.85	the tagger's words
limitations	The authors say the field is too new and too little published for any review to be complete. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the coverage of the review: AT THIS TIME, NO REVIEW CAN POSSIBLY BE COMPLETE	`limitations[0]`		the tagger's words
limitations	Predicted but not-yet-observed graphene phenomena are excluded for reasons of space. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the phenomena surveyed: DUE TO SPACE LIMITATIONS, WE DO NOT ATTEMPT TO OVERVIEW A WIDE RANGE OF OTHER INTERESTING PHENOMENA PREDICTED ... BUT AS YET NOT OBSERVED	`limitations[1]`		the tagger's words
limitations	Only a small fraction of the subject has been explored at the time of writing. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the maturity of every conclusion: ONLY THE VERY TIP OF THE ICEBERG HAS BEEN UNCOVERED SO FAR, two years after graphene was first reported	`limitations[2]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The relativistic vocabulary is a description, not a claim about the physics - the paper says so itself while adopting it. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`limitations[3]`	0.9	the tagger's words
limitations	A zero gap does not by itself imply Dirac fermions; the paper states the exception to its own diagnostic. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`limitations[4]`	0.85	the tagger's words
limitations	The half-integer QHE has a second, independent explanation via Berry's phase, which the paper reports without adjudicating. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`limitations[5]`	0.85	the tagger's words
transfers	the concept of chirality - a projection of pseudospin onto momentum - carried over from relativistic quantum field theory to describe graphene's charge carriers Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[0]`	0.85	the tagger's words
concepts	pseudospin Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: pseudospin	`concepts[4]`	0.9	the paper's words
concepts	chirality Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: chirality	`concepts[5]`	0.9	the paper's words
concepts	massless Dirac fermions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: massless Dirac fermions	`concepts[6]`	0.9	the paper's words
concepts	Fermi velocity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Fermi velocity	`concepts[7]`	0.9	the paper's words
concepts	zero-gap semiconductor Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: zero-gap semiconductor	`concepts[8]`	0.9	the paper's words
concepts	zero-overlap semimetals Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: zero-overlap semimetals	`concepts[9]`	0.9	the paper's words
concepts	real spin Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: real spin	`concepts[10]`	0.9	the paper's words
concepts	Berry’s phase Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Berry’s phase	`concepts[11]`	0.9	the paper's words
concepts	Dirac equation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Dirac equation	`concepts[12]`	0.9	the paper's words
concepts	Schrödinger equation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Schrödinger equation	`concepts[13]`	0.9	the paper's words
concepts	massive Dirac fermions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: THE TERM IS NOT IN THE QUOTE - the massive chiral particles of the quote are the massive Dirac fermions that the next sentence names ('Landau quantization of “massive Dirac fermions”'); that sentence is not quoted because its formula did not survive text extraction. also in: massive Dirac fermions	`concepts[14]`	0.9	the paper's words
senses	pseudospin - an index over the two carbon sublattices A and B, named after the QED spin index it resembles and explicitly NOT the electron's real spin Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[0]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	chirality - here the projection of the pseudospin on the direction of motion, introduced by declared analogy with QED rather than derived Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[1]`	0.9	the tagger's words
senses	massless Dirac fermions - quasiparticles describable EITHER as electrons that lost their rest mass OR as neutrinos that gained the electron charge; the paper offers both framings and picks neither Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[2]`	0.9	the tagger's words
senses	half-integer quantum Hall effect - a name coined to mark that the effect belongs to NEITHER existing category: not a new fractional QHE, not the standard integer one Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[3]`	0.9	the tagger's words
senses	speed of light - in graphene's Dirac-like Hamiltonian the role is played by the Fermi velocity, about 300 times smaller Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[4]`	0.9	the tagger's words
claim_relations	contradicts → Landau's and Peierls' argument that strictly two-dimensional crystals are thermodynamically unstable and cannot exist Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[0]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	reinterprets → the categorical boundary between a 2D crystal and a thin 3D film Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. note: The paper replaces a stipulated boundary with a measured one and then divides the resulting class into three, on the same criterion.	`claim_relations[1]`	0.85	the tagger's words
concept_edges	pseudospin —distinct-from→ real spin Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: AND THE PAPER IMMEDIATELY FENCES THE BORROWED WORD OFF FROM THE ONE IT CAME FROM: the symbol Quotation withheld. Borrowing the name and denying the identity, in the same paragraph. also in: pseudospin · real spin	`concept_edges[1]`	0.95	the tagger's words
concept_edges	zero-gap semiconductor —same-as→ zero-overlap semimetals Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.8 · note: An explicit in-text renaming: CAN ALSO BE REFERRED TO AS. Two vocabularies, one class, and the paper declines to choose between them. also in: zero-gap semiconductor · zero-overlap semimetals	`concept_edges[4]`	0.9	the tagger's words
concept_edges	Dirac equation —contrasted-with→ Schrödinger equation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: which equation the material's carriers are naturally described by - the paper makes graphene the exception to the rule it states in the same sentence · strength of the relation: 0.9 also in: Dirac equation · Schrödinger equation	`concept_edges[5]`	0.9	the tagger's words
concept_edges	massive Dirac fermions —contrasted-with→ massless Dirac fermions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: rest mass - and the paper records that the borrowed framework CANNOT HOLD the combination · strength of the relation: 0.9 also in: massive Dirac fermions · massless Dirac fermions	`concept_edges[6]`	0.85	the tagger's words

Interpretive choices

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none — every tag was located in the text

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