The Rise of Graphene

The Rise of Graphene A. K. Geim K. S. Novoselov

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The Rise of Graphene 2007 Nature Materials / arXiv 10.1038/nmat1849 cond-mat/0702595 geim2007-rise-graphene geim2007-rise-graphene.txt, the project's staged copy 7d42b9ad04be9a8c315b4442146a19705c02a51e arxiv-open materials-science

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0 spans located by searching the stored text for the quote's exact words, allowing any whitespace between them existence Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. graphene (two-dimensional atomic crystals) Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. review review Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Because QED effects scale inversely with the speed of light, replacing c by the Fermi velocity enhances them in graphene by about 300. the analogy carries a conversion factor Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The electronic structure evolves with layer number and reaches the 3D graphite limit at about ten layers, which makes the 2D/3D boundary operational rather than stipulated. layer count decides which theory applies Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The authors say the field is too new and too little published for any review to be complete. what this limits: the coverage of the review: AT THIS TIME, NO REVIEW CAN POSSIBLY BE COMPLETE Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Predicted but not-yet-observed graphene phenomena are excluded for reasons of space. what this limits: the phenomena surveyed: DUE TO SPACE LIMITATIONS, WE DO NOT ATTEMPT TO OVERVIEW A WIDE RANGE OF OTHER INTERESTING PHENOMENA PREDICTED ... BUT AS YET NOT OBSERVED Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Only a small fraction of the subject has been explored at the time of writing. what this limits: the maturity of every conclusion: ONLY THE VERY TIP OF THE ICEBERG HAS BEEN UNCOVERED SO FAR, two years after graphene was first reported Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The relativistic vocabulary is a description, not a claim about the physics - the paper says so itself while adopting it. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. A zero gap does not by itself imply Dirac fermions; the paper states the exception to its own diagnostic. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. The half-integer QHE has a second, independent explanation via Berry's phase, which the paper reports without adjudicating. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. the concept of chirality - a projection of pseudospin onto momentum - carried over from relativistic quantum field theory to describe graphene's charge carriers Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. pseudospin pseudospin Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. chirality chirality Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. massless Dirac fermions massless Dirac fermions Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Fermi velocity Fermi velocity Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. zero-gap semiconductor zero-gap semiconductor Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. zero-overlap semimetals zero-overlap semimetals Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. real spin real spin Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Berry’s phase Berry’s phase Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Dirac equation Dirac equation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Schrödinger equation Schrödinger equation Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. massive Dirac fermions massive Dirac fermions about this quote: THE TERM IS NOT IN THE QUOTE - the massive chiral particles of the quote are the massive Dirac fermions that the next sentence names ('Landau quantization of “massive Dirac fermions”'); that sentence is not quoted because its formula did not survive text extraction. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. pseudospin - an index over the two carbon sublattices A and B, named after the QED spin index it resembles and explicitly NOT the electron's real spin Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. chirality - here the projection of the pseudospin on the direction of motion, introduced by declared analogy with QED rather than derived Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. massless Dirac fermions - quasiparticles describable EITHER as electrons that lost their rest mass OR as neutrinos that gained the electron charge; the paper offers both framings and picks neither Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. half-integer quantum Hall effect - a name coined to mark that the effect belongs to NEITHER existing category: not a new fractional QHE, not the standard integer one Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. speed of light - in graphene's Dirac-like Hamiltonian the role is played by the Fermi velocity, about 300 times smaller Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. contradicts → Landau's and Peierls' argument that strictly two-dimensional crystals are thermodynamically unstable and cannot exist Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. reinterprets → the categorical boundary between a 2D crystal and a thin 3D film note: The paper replaces a stipulated boundary with a measured one and then divides the resulting class into three, on the same criterion. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. pseudospin —distinct-from→ real spin pseudospin real spin strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: AND THE PAPER IMMEDIATELY FENCES THE BORROWED WORD OFF FROM THE ONE IT CAME FROM: the symbol Quotation withheld. Borrowing the name and denying the identity, in the same paragraph. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. zero-gap semiconductor —same-as→ zero-overlap semimetals zero-gap semiconductor zero-overlap semimetals strength of the relation: 0.8 · note: An explicit in-text renaming: CAN ALSO BE REFERRED TO AS. Two vocabularies, one class, and the paper declines to choose between them. Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. Dirac equation —contrasted-with→ Schrödinger equation Dirac equation Schrödinger equation differs in: which equation the material's carriers are naturally described by - the paper makes graphene the exception to the rule it states in the same sentence · strength of the relation: 0.9 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution. massive Dirac fermions —contrasted-with→ massless Dirac fermions massive Dirac fermions massless Dirac fermions differs in: rest mass - and the paper records that the borrowed framework CANNOT HOLD the combination · strength of the relation: 0.9 Quotation withheld because this record is not cleared for redistribution.

The full text of this article is not redistributable, so it is not included here. The evidence sentences are withheld with it; the tag layer and its grounding status remain. The article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1849.